Upward Mobility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Upward Mobility - Essay Example I am educated enough to do two jobs at a time. If I leave either of them, I would not be able to party and shop as much as I do now. This will affect my relationship with friends as I would not get to see them quite often. My friends have always been great source of financial and emotional support for me. I have based my analysis of the social class I belong to on the basis of my perceptions that have fundamentally been shaped by the media. People who work hard and party at the end of the day and have all the necessities of life are placed in the upper middle class society by the media. Media has played a very important role in shaping our class perceptions. â€Å"While textual studies focus on in-depth analysis of particular shows, other researchers have compiled demographic portraits across all television drama programming at a given point in time† (Butsch, 2011). Media influences and encourages the audience to move upwards in their respective social classes by possessing mo re

Effect of Short Message System Reminder on Medicine Regime

Effect of Short Message System Reminder on Medicine Regime Effect of Short Message System reminder on adherence with recommended regimen among Ischemic Heart Disease patients. Introduction: Ischemic heart disease is the narrowing of coronary artery by a plaque which composed of fat material, according to World Health Organization (WHO) ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the first leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, accounting for 13.3% of death cases (World Health Organization, 2011). 75% of death and 82% of disability adjusted life years (DALY) in low and middle-income countries occur due to IHD (Gaziano, Bitton, Anand, Abrahams-Gessel, Murphy, 2010), in Jordan IHD account for 18% of death cases, being the first leading cause of death (CDC, 2013). However survival rate of IHD increase recently (Piepoli et al., 2010). Patients discharge to their homes within five days (Saczynski et al., 2010), and the progress of healing after discharge demands an effective care planning, particularly, those who are newly diagnosed with IHD. After discharge patients encounter a challenge time (Eshah Bond, 2009), and life style changes include, adherence with eating heart-healthy diet, adherence with regular physical activity, and adherence with medication have ascertained by American Herat Association and considered from moderate and strong evidence (Eckel et al., 2013). adherence with these recommendations are associated with decrease readmission and mortality rate (Heran et al., 2011) , however few people adhere with recommended guidelines (Martin, Williams, Haskard, DiMatteo, 2005). Non adherence, one of the most important obstacle for successful treatment, is a widespread health problem that threat the health and cause a valuable economical burden as well (Martin et al., 2005). Non adherence to healthy lifestyle including eating unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, smoking, and non compliance with medication are known to increase the development and progression of IHD (Danaei et al., 2009). On the other direction adherence with healthy lifestyle would decrease the burden of IHD (Chiuve, McCullough, Sacks, Rimm, 2006). Medication adherence refers to whether patients take their medications as prescribed, as well as whether they continue to take a prescribed medication (Ho, Bryson, Rumsfeld, 2009). Medication non adherence is a major public health problem (Desai Choudhry, 2013). The immediate time after discharge is a high risk period for non adherence (Baroletti DellOrfano, 2010), in which 24% of patients dont adhere to their prescribed medication (Jackevicius, Li, Tu, 2008). After six weeks of discharge one forth of patients didnt adhere to prescribed medications (Mathews et al., 2012) and 80% on the long term (DiMatteo, 2004). Non adherence to medication lead to progression of the disease, increase readmission, increase mortality rate, and increase health care cost Smoking is so widespread (WHO,2007), and one of the ten strongest risk factor of IHD (Goff et al., 2013), although non adherence with healthy diet, medication, inactivity all are attributing risk factors for development and progression of IHD, smoking has a significant effect of all risk factor (CDC). Smokers have double to four times to develop IHD than non-smokers (CDC). However quit smoking is the single most effective measure to prevent IHD (Goff et al., 2013). A strong evidence exist about the casual relationship between diet and IHD (Mente, de Koning, Shannon, Anand, 2009). Eating unhealthy diet lead to increase blood cholesterol level, developing of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, obesity, and eventually metabolic syndrome which all are modifiable risk factors for IHD (Goff et al., 2013). However eating vegetables, nuts and mono-saturated fatty acid are among protective habits for prevention of IHD progression (Mente et al., 2009). Non adherence to physical activity in different culture and societies are common (Rodrigues, Joà £o, Gallani, Cornà ©lio, Alexandre, 2013). The proportion of adults who meet the recommended guidelines of American Heart Association (AHA) for regular physical activity has reduced over time (Roger et al., 2012). A recent meta analysis has been shown that an inverse relationship exist between physical activity and increasing risk of IHD; those patients who didnt do physical activity are 10-20 more risky than who do moderate physical activity and 20-30 more risky than who do high physical activity (Li Siegrist, 2012). To decrease the effect of IHD and prevent its progression secondary prevention programs done and rehabilitation centers are found, However few people attend these programs regularly (Bjarnason-Wehrens et al., 2010). Many obstacles hinder the attendance of these programs include logistic barriers like transportation difficulties, financial cost, and embarrassment of attendance (Neubeck et al., 2012). So more feasible, economical, and provide privacy for patient method is required as alternative. Tele-health, which define as the use of different type of modern information and technology to contribute t clinical support and to improve health (WHO,2009), is more economical, feasible, and provide the patients privacy. The use of mobile is growing faster and faster, and many patients have mobiles (Deng, 2013). Many studies done using technology to improve adherence among patients, especially Short Message System (SMS) in high technologic counties (Dale et al., 2014; Khonsari et al., 2014). To my knowledge this is the first study done to assess the effect of use of telehealth in a less technology-dependent countries. So the purpose of the study is: examine the effect of short message system (SMS) on medication, healthy diet, smoking cessation and physical activity adherence among IHD patients. Research hypotheses: patients who will receive reminder message will be more adherent to medication, healthy diet , smoking cessation and physical activity than those who will not. References Baroletti, S., DellOrfano, H. (2010). Medication adherence in cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 121(12), 1455-1458. Bjarnason-Wehrens, B., McGee, H., Zwisler, A.-D., Piepoli, M. F., Benzer, W., Schmid, J.-P., . . . Niebauer, J. (2010). Cardiac rehabilitation in Europe: results from the European cardiac rehabilitation Inventory survey. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention Rehabilitation, 17(4), 410-418. Chiuve, S. E., McCullough, M. L., Sacks, F. M., Rimm, E. B. (2006). Healthy lifestyle factors in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease among men benefits among users and nonusers of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications. Circulation, 114(2), 160-167. Dale, L. P., Whittaker, R., Jiang, Y., Stewart, R., Rolleston, A., Maddison, R. (2014). Improving coronary heart disease self-management using mobile technologies (Text4Heart): a randomised controlled trial protocol. Trials, 15(1), 71. Danaei, G., Ding, E. L., Mozaffarian, D., Taylor, B., Rehm, J., Murray, C. J., Ezzati, M. (2009). The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors. PLoS medicine, 6(4), e1000058. Deng, Z. (2013). Understanding public users adoption of mobile health service. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 11(4), 351-373. Desai, N. R., Choudhry, N. K. (2013). Impediments to adherence to post myocardial infarction medications. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Govt Review]. Curr Cardiol Rep, 15(1), 322. doi: 10.1007/s11886-012-0322-6 DiMatteo, M. R. (2004). Variations in patients adherence to medical recommendations: a quantitative review of 50 years of research. Medical care, 42(3), 200-209. Eckel, R. H., Jakicic, J. M., Ard, J. D., Miller, N. H., Hubbard, V. S., Nonas, C. A., . . . Smith, S. C. (2013). 2013 AHA/ACC Guideline on Lifestyle Management to Reduce Cardiovascular RiskA Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Eshah, N., Bond, A. (2009). Acute myocardial infarction survivors experiences: a qualitative literature review. J Med J 43(3), 238-264. Gaziano, T. A., Bitton, A., Anand, S., Abrahams-Gessel, S., Murphy, A. (2010). Growing epidemic of coronary heart disease in low-and middle-income countries. Current problems in cardiology, 35(2), 72-115. Goff, D. C., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Bennett, G., Coady, S., D’Agostino, R. B., Gibbons, R., . . . Wilson, P. W. F. (2013). 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437741.48606.98 Heran, B. S., Chen, J., Ebrahim, S., Moxham, T., Oldridge, N., Rees, K., . . . Taylor, R. S. (2011). Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7(7). Ho, P. M., Bryson, C. L., Rumsfeld, J. S. (2009). Medication adherence its importance in cardiovascular outcomes. Circulation, 119(23), 3028-3035. Jackevicius, C. A., Li, P., Tu, J. V. (2008). Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of primary nonadherence after acute myocardial infarction. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Govt]. Circulation, 117(8), 1028-1036. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706820 Khonsari, S., Subramanian, P., Chinna, K., Latif, L. A., Ling, L. W., Gholami, O. (2014). Effect of a reminder system using an automated short message service on medication adherence following acute coronary syndrome. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. doi: 10.1177/1474515114521910 Li, J., Siegrist, J. (2012). Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease—a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. International journal of environmental research and public health, 9(2), 391-407. Martin, L. R., Williams, S. L., Haskard, K. B., DiMatteo, M. R. (2005). The challenge of patient adherence. Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 1(3), 189. Mathews, R., Peterson, E., Honeycutt, E., Chin, C. T., Ryan, K., Effron, M., . . . Wang, T. (2012). Medication nonadherence among patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from the Translate-ACS study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 59(13s1), E1814-E1814. Mente, A., de Koning, L., Shannon, H. S., Anand, S. S. (2009). A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease. Archives of internal medicine, 169(7), 659-669. Neubeck, L., Freedman, S. B., Clark, A. M., Briffa, T., Bauman, A., Redfern, J. (2012). Participating in cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative data. European journal of preventive cardiology, 19(3), 494-503. Piepoli, M. F., Corra, U., Benzer, W., Bjarnason-Wehrens, B., Dendale, P., Gaita, D., . . . Zwisler, A.-D. O. (2010). Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: from knowledge to implementation. A position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention Rehabilitation, 17(1), 1-17. Rodrigues, R. C. M., Joà £o, T. M. S., Gallani, M. C. B. J., Cornà ©lio, M. E., Alexandre, N. M. C. (2013). The Moving Heart Program: an intervention to improve physical activity among patients with coronary heart disease. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 21(SPE), 180-189. Roger, V. L., Go, A. S., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Borden, W. B., . . . Fox, C. S. (2012). Heart disease and stroke statistics—2012 update a report from the American heart association. Circulation, 125(1), e2-e220. Saczynski, J. S., Lessard, D., Spencer, F. A., Gurwitz, J. H., Gore, J. M., Yarzebski, J., Goldberg, R. J. (2010). Declining length of stay for patients hospitalized with AMI: impact on mortality and readmissions. The American journal of medicine, 123(11), 1007-1015. World Health Organization. (2011). The top 10 causes of death. Fact sheet Number 310: Geneva: WHO. 1

Henrik Isbens A Doll’s House and Frederico Garcias The House of Berna

Henrik Isben's A Doll’s House and Frederico Garcia's The House of Bernarda Alba The House of Bernarda Alba and A Doll's House, by Frederico Garcia Lorca and Henrik Ibsen respectively, are two similar plays written at different times. In 1964, Frederico's The House of Bernarda Alba debuted in Madrid Spain, thirty-one years after it's birth in 1933. It pioneered the style of surrealistic imagery, popular folklore and was written in prose. A Doll's House was published in 1879 and appeared on stage that year in Copenhagen. Originally written in Dano-Norwegian known as Riksmal, its read in translation almost exclusively. It was released with a cast of male and female performers, in opposition to The House of Bernarda Alba with only female characters. Although these stories were written in two completely separate eras, they depict similar scenarios. They each reveal a dominant character pitted against a female character who is rebellious to the traditional social order. In A Doll’s House, Torvald is the dominating character manipulating his wife and treating he r like a doll. In The House of Bernarda Alba, Bernarda is the dominating figure in charge of bossing her daughters around, and, more importantly causing the downfall of her youngest daughter Adela. Thus, both stories have a single figure in charge of pushing the less powerful woman or women around. In addition, both stories show broken relationships, and the downfall of main characters. However, the underlying theme, which ties these two plays together, is pride. Pride is both the root of social order and the cause of downfalls. It breaks relationships and splits families in one case, while restoring life in the other. Pride is an ever-present force in both of the plays, The House of Bernarda Alba and A Doll’s House, affecting the details, characters, and even the outcomes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pride is a strong force in both plays, unyielding and antagonizing, it serves as a cast-iron vice from which the main characters cannot escape. It’s the force that drives Adela onward in her battle for freedom and portrays her as a woman ahead of her time. Pride is the opposing force against Adela. Bernarda is a forceful dictator and places the families pride ahead of happiness. Bernarda states â€Å"I keep watch; so people won’t spit when they pass our door† (Garcia Lorca 182). Adela is confined to dictatorship and rules. Pride a... ...has then permanently ended their marriage. Torvald pleas for forgiveness, but separation is inevitable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, the plays A Doll’s House and The House of Bernarda Alba have a unifying aspect in pride. Pride is a force throughout both plays from beginning to end. Although both plays were written at different times, they both have a central idea. Bernarda and Torvald control pride through force. Bernarda controls women through her cane and Torvald uses his status and money. Pride is a major source of order and reason for the plays’ downfalls. Families are broken, women’s roles change, and permanent reminders of the arrogant actions of dominant figures can be seen. Pride when it is brought to attention is a powerful force that can be seen very easily. Thus, pride is a dictator of its own affecting details, characters, and eventually the outcomes. Works Cited: Garcia Lorca, Frederico. Three Tragedies: Blood Wedding, Yerma, Bernarda Alba. The House of Bernarda Alba: A Drama About Women in the Villages of Spain. Trans. James Graham-Lujan and Richard L. O’Connel. New York: New Directions, 1947. 155-211. Ibsen, Henrik. A Doll’s House. 1879. New York: Dover, 1992.

Managerial Skills – Essay

This essay will argue that without good managerial skills, a business is far from becoming successful. Firstly, this essay will discuss the importance of: communicating with foreign colleagues, wielding dealt Influence and delving attention deliberately to enhance proficiency of the workers, Secondly, It will evaluate and analyses how effective the three skills are In today's dynamic work environment. Based on some examples, the problems faced by managers will be transparent, and what precautions need to be taken should also be visible to help improve managerial skills.Communication for managers is the most important skill managers need to adapt fore any other skill because, if a manager is not flawless in communicating with colleagues or workers, then simply a manager has failed to be a manager. Communication is essential for effective functioning in every part of an organization which will facilitate organizational success (Effective Communication in the workplace, 2012). For examp le, Millions, (2012), a Korean CEO running a software company In Shanghai Is facing difficulties In retailing the Chinese workers.The mall problem faced by the CEO is language barrier so the decision- making process becomes tough for the CEO. Due to this effect, there will be an unskilled management team and this may result in boredom of the workers, delay in organizations project deadlines, reduced profits and lastly goodwill of the organization will be hampered. Without communication in today's environment, managerial work is not tough, it's merely impossible. Communication may be of two types, it may be verbal or non- verbal, managers need to be effective on both cases.Managers should be able to communicate non-verbally as good as they may communicate verbally. This is because sometimes agreements between businesses are sometimes done non- urbanely, In this case managers should be able to set out clearly his requirements and the terms and conditions of the agreement and also unde rstand clearly the opposing terms and conditions, otherwise the manager will cause a great mishap for the business and this will result in an adverse effect on reputation for the manager.A When all members of a team, department, or organization are able to communicate effectively with each other and with people outside their group, they are much more likely to perform well. The successful manager, therefore, needs effective communication skills in order to have a good workplace, become successful and attain the goals of the organization. Even though communication is the most important factor for a success seeking manager, nowadays digital influence is also one of the main factors which need to be taken into consideration by the managers.Technology in the workplace allows businesses to expand quickly and efficiently. Business technology such as video conferencing, social networks and virtual office technology has removed workplace boundaries that previously limited business expansion . With business technology, companies can target a wider customer base and grow to higher levels. A manager deeds to be flexible/adaptable to change in different environments (Required skills of a manager, 2012). A manager who is not familiar with latest technology, there will be less room for improvement for the organization.Most work nowadays is being done electronically, data analysis is done electronically and because of technology, information has become readily available to make better decisions and improvements. Digital influence has actually reduced the per head workforce needed at an organization, this means, a work that used to take two to three people to get done now can be done by one person using a computer. Office technology saves time by speeding up the work flow process. Technology systems save space, paper and printing costs. The use of computer systems allow corrections to be made instantly.Resources like electronic files and access to information technology are av ailable with the click of a button. By reducing the number of workers and using more technology, expenses for the organizations will fall resulting in increased profits. Technology in the workplace practically eliminates space and time. Video conferencing technology lets businesses on any part of the globe interact with one another. Technology reduces travel costs because businesses can set up virtual meetings and distribute data without the need to be in the same room. Technology allows businesses to establish a global presence at a fraction of the cost.Cromwell, (2009), sates a very important fact, ‘The role that technology plays for the business sector cannot be taken for granted. If we were to take away that technology trade and commerce, the world will come to a standstill and the global economy would collapse'. It is almost impossible to conduct a business without the use of technology. A simple example an be used, Dreamers, the founder and chief technology officer of Hu bbubs (web marketing company) has 216,000 Linked group for entrepreneurs and 98,000 twitter followers. How is this relevant to digital influence?Well, Dreamers uses his Linked members to get multi-rater feedback from other entrepreneurs for Stack overflow and also hosts Q community through where he gets valuable information for improvements. By doing this, Dreamers has managed to build his reputation, specialization and network position to one of the world's best marketing company (3 Management Skills every 21st century manager needs, 2012). This is why digital influence is necessary for every manager to become successful and achieve the Lastly, dividing attention deliberately, in other words attention to detail is also important for managers.At work places, people's minds normally drift away, this is normal as our minds are meant to multi task. Research has shown that internal factors (business related stress) rather than external factors (social stress) cause distractions. How can this be resolved? Managers need to focus on detail and make a job as less stressful as possible for employers, like when an employee takes a break o use social networks like Backbone or Twitter at a workplace, normally managers don't accept this type of behaviors, they consider it distracting. Actually, a study at the University of Melbourne of 300 students resulted in a really fascinating outcome.It showed that even though people use internet at workplace for socializing, their productivity increases by 10% (3 Management Skills every 21st century manager needs, 2012). There are other ways managers could actually increase effectiveness to become successful. Managers could have regular meetings with staff members, insult why there is a lack of performance, create pairs of employees so they may double-check work for errors and also managers may provide incentives for toughness (How to improve attention to detail in employees, 2012).Managers need to create a friendly environment for w orkers so they are not undermined by stress. Managers need to think from the organizations perspective, how the goals can be achieved and how effectively and efficiently they can be achieved. Managers to have a great skill for dividing attention deliberately, which is known as ‘Satisfying sessions', this means choose the first satisfactory alternative that comes to their attention and allocate work accordingly (Shoehorning, p. 75).Three major abilities managers need to consider in order to become successful: communicating effectively, technology innovation, and attention to detail. To conclude, managers who do not have the skills cited above will have a hard time in coping with the business world today, managers are responsible for making sure that this happens. If a team is working really hard but not delivering what is needed, then they are not effective. Effectiveness is measured by setting out clear objectives before work starts and then evaluating whether the objectives h ave been met or not.Managers not only need to be good at what they do, but their level of communication should be high in order to be an effective manager and by acquiring the three key skills, managers are well set off to becoming prosperous. In management, operating in efficient and in effective ways is a key to good performance and to successfully reaching the goals set for the business. Looking at the interplay of the two characteristics can give a clear insight into the ideal behavior for a successful anger when faced with tasks which must be completed quickly, but also completed in such a way that the key goals are attained.

Examine Freud’s View of Religious Belief. Essay

Sigmund Freud was born in 1856; he lived most of his life in Vienna. His family were Jewish so was brought in a religious faith. Freud fled the Nazi’s in London then died the following year on the 23rd of September 1939. He was an atheist. He saw himself as â€Å"The Godless Jew†. He rejected both America and Religion. Freud had a Neurotic and obsessional character. Freud’s view on religious belief was a form of neurotic illness. Freud believed that religious activities bear a striking resemblance to the activities of a neurotic person. Neurotic conditions such as OCD repeat actions which. Primal Horde Theory, Freud’s principle contribution was the idea of the murder of the primitive horde â€Å"one day, the brothers who have been driven out, came together killed and devoured their father and so made an end to the patriarchal horde. The leader was killed out of jealously, as he was taking all the women. In guilt for the murder of their father figure they put up a Totem, symbol or animal which is believed that their spirit is inside in place of their father figure. Guilt was eventually paid of by praying or sacrificing to them Totem. Over millions of years the Totem becomes God, guilt then passed. The Totem is seen as sacred and must be protected. After a year the animal believed to be the Totem could be killed then eaten. The Oedipus complex, Freud believed that everyone suffered a dramatic trauma which was the Oedipus complex. This is when a boy at the age of six would have sexual desires for his mother and wants to kill his father, in jealousy. The suckling child was used to having its mother’s attention, where the libido is transferred

Free Essays on Of Mice And Men Lennie Analysis

Lennie Small, from John Steinbacks Of Mice and Men, is the least dynamic character, but also the star of this short but impacting novel. John Steinbacks conception of this novel is centered on Lennie’s simplicity. Throughout the entire book, Lennie’s personality and life seem based on three things: soft things, devotion to his protector (George) and his dream of one day owning a farm. Within the novel, Lennie shows no significant changes, development, or growth; yet is a favorite character by most readers. To start with, Lennie is protected. Lennie is protected by Slim, but mostly by George. Slim keeps Lennie from getting fired when Curley got his hand â€Å"caught in a machine† (64). Lennie is also protected by George; as friends they stick together, â€Å"I got you. We got each other† (104) and as friends they contribute all they can. George protects Lennie from many things; but is most remembered for protecting Lennie from being killed painfully by Curley. Candy's regret that he didn't kill his dog himself, foreshadows George's decision to shoot Lennie before Curley gets to him first. Also, Lennie is devoted. Devoted to the rabbits, and devoted to George. The rabbits are an important part of the novel. The rabbits are Georges way of keeping Lennie from getting into any trouble. George often reminds Lennie that he â€Å"†¦aint gonna get in no trouble, because if you do, I wont let you tend the rabbits† (16). Lennie’s devotion to George is very strong; he does everything George tells him to do, simply because George is his friend. In Conclusion, Lennie is a dreamer. He someday dreams of having â€Å"†¦ a little house an’ a room to our self†¦We’d know what came of our planting†¦An it’d be our own, an’ nobody could can us† (58). The fact that two men during this time period with a dream like that that comes so close to coming true makes them so different from other men. Lennie shows enthusiasm for his dream, spr... Free Essays on Of Mice And Men Lennie Analysis Free Essays on Of Mice And Men Lennie Analysis Lennie Small, from John Steinbacks Of Mice and Men, is the least dynamic character, but also the star of this short but impacting novel. John Steinbacks conception of this novel is centered on Lennie’s simplicity. Throughout the entire book, Lennie’s personality and life seem based on three things: soft things, devotion to his protector (George) and his dream of one day owning a farm. Within the novel, Lennie shows no significant changes, development, or growth; yet is a favorite character by most readers. To start with, Lennie is protected. Lennie is protected by Slim, but mostly by George. Slim keeps Lennie from getting fired when Curley got his hand â€Å"caught in a machine† (64). Lennie is also protected by George; as friends they stick together, â€Å"I got you. We got each other† (104) and as friends they contribute all they can. George protects Lennie from many things; but is most remembered for protecting Lennie from being killed painfully by Curley. Candy's regret that he didn't kill his dog himself, foreshadows George's decision to shoot Lennie before Curley gets to him first. Also, Lennie is devoted. Devoted to the rabbits, and devoted to George. The rabbits are an important part of the novel. The rabbits are Georges way of keeping Lennie from getting into any trouble. George often reminds Lennie that he â€Å"†¦aint gonna get in no trouble, because if you do, I wont let you tend the rabbits† (16). Lennie’s devotion to George is very strong; he does everything George tells him to do, simply because George is his friend. In Conclusion, Lennie is a dreamer. He someday dreams of having â€Å"†¦ a little house an’ a room to our self†¦We’d know what came of our planting†¦An it’d be our own, an’ nobody could can us† (58). The fact that two men during this time period with a dream like that that comes so close to coming true makes them so different from other men. Lennie shows enthusiasm for his dream, spr...

Free Essays on George Orwels Animal Farm

George Orwell’s book, Animal Farm, is a great book. However, the characters that the pigs portray are cunning, sneaky, and sly. The seven commandments, which are the foundation of their society, (p.21) will all be broken in time. The three most important, to me, are the commandments stating, no animal shall kill any other animal, no animal shall sleep in a bed, and all animals are equal. No animal shall kill any other animal. This was commandment number six. No one ever imagined it would be broken, let alone by their leader, but it happened. Napoleon, in an attempt to maintain total control of the farm, killed four pigs, which he forced to confess to a heinous crime of treason, which was punished by death (p.75). No animals objected to this breach of commandments. The next time the animals should look at the seven commandments on the wall, they would see commandment number six as, No animal shall kill any other animal without cause. No animal shall sleep in a bed, was commandment number four. This commandment was agreed upon by all of the animals the day of the revolution unanimously. However, the pigs, feeling superior, would then sleep in these beds (p. 60-61). The pigs claimed that, as the brainworkers, of the farm, they need this rest while they despise sleeping in a bed. They say that even though humans sleep in a bed, they use sheets while the pig do not, which is the main difference in their beds. When seeing the commandments again, the animals read commandment number four as No animal shall sleep in a bed without sheets. This is different then the animals remember, but without proof, they will not say anything to Napoleon. All animals are equal, reads commandment number seven. This is one of the last commandments to be broken (p. 118), but it is the most influential. The first step in this was to take the pigs away and teach them to chant â€Å"Four legs good, two legs better,† instead of the old chant, â€Å"Two legs bad, ... Free Essays on George Orwel's Animal Farm Free Essays on George Orwel's Animal Farm George Orwell’s book, Animal Farm, is a great book. However, the characters that the pigs portray are cunning, sneaky, and sly. The seven commandments, which are the foundation of their society, (p.21) will all be broken in time. The three most important, to me, are the commandments stating, no animal shall kill any other animal, no animal shall sleep in a bed, and all animals are equal. No animal shall kill any other animal. This was commandment number six. No one ever imagined it would be broken, let alone by their leader, but it happened. Napoleon, in an attempt to maintain total control of the farm, killed four pigs, which he forced to confess to a heinous crime of treason, which was punished by death (p.75). No animals objected to this breach of commandments. The next time the animals should look at the seven commandments on the wall, they would see commandment number six as, No animal shall kill any other animal without cause. No animal shall sleep in a bed, was commandment number four. This commandment was agreed upon by all of the animals the day of the revolution unanimously. However, the pigs, feeling superior, would then sleep in these beds (p. 60-61). The pigs claimed that, as the brainworkers, of the farm, they need this rest while they despise sleeping in a bed. They say that even though humans sleep in a bed, they use sheets while the pig do not, which is the main difference in their beds. When seeing the commandments again, the animals read commandment number four as No animal shall sleep in a bed without sheets. This is different then the animals remember, but without proof, they will not say anything to Napoleon. All animals are equal, reads commandment number seven. This is one of the last commandments to be broken (p. 118), but it is the most influential. The first step in this was to take the pigs away and teach them to chant â€Å"Four legs good, two legs better,† instead of the old chant, â€Å"Two legs bad, ...

These 7 jobs require very little experience

These 7 jobs require very little experience Maybe you’re desperate for a job and have had trouble finding one that fits your life. Maybe you’re fresh out of high school with a very short resume. Maybe you’re looking for a career change and want something totally new. The trouble is, everything out there is asking for â€Å"3-5 years† experience and you have none. You ask yourself how you’re supposed to get that experience without getting hired first†¦ and then you beat your head against your desk. Don’t despair! Here are 7 perfectly respectable jobs that will hire you with little-to-no experience. Some will give you on-the-job training and some will ask you to take a course before you begin, but all you can approach as a newbie.1. Delivery PersonIf you can drive and possess a valid license and a clean driving record, you can deliver. Most delivery jobs only require a high school diploma (or equivalent) to get started. Though this job can be tiring and physically demanding, you can expect to make an average of $13 an hour and work flexible hours.2. Bill CollectorAs long as you have your high school diploma or equivalent and a good phone manner, you could make an hourly rate of more than $15 an hour by working for third-party collection agencies. Most organizations do not require prior experience and offer on-the-job training.3. BartenderYou’ll probably need to attend some sort of bartending school, but once you do, you can make great money (an average of $10/hr, but before tips) making and serving drinks.4. School Bus DriverIf you have a clean driving (and criminal) record and the patience to hang out with children two times a day, then you can make an average of $15/hr driving them to and from school. This job might even come with decent benefits in some school districts.5. Real Estate BrokerThis one will take a little start-up money and a lot of legwork to get started, but can be a great career path. All you need is to take a course and pass a test t o get your license. Then there’s another test to become a full-fledged broker on your own. But you can work for yourself, design your own hours, and make a national average of $56k per year.6. Human Resources AssistantGain your own experience behind the scenes at a company by working for an HR department. Good administrative skills and customer service manner are very helpful, but in many places you’ll only really need a high school diploma or equivalent beyond those basic skills. The money is decent (national average is $15/hr) and you have the opportunity to work your way up the ladder.7. Library TechYes, libraries are still a thing. And being a librarian takes years of school and multiple degrees, but being a library technician  usually doesn’t. Assist the head librarians in organizing, ordering new materials, shelving books and magazines, and helping patrons. You’ll want to buff up on your people and computer skills, but otherwise you’ll only need your diploma in many places to get hired and make an average of $14/hr.

Democracy and Public Agenda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Democracy and Public Agenda - Essay Example health insurance program for poor individuals and families, would undergo expansion to cover more low-income Americans. States that declined to take part in this expansion would lose federal subsidy for their existing Medicaid projects (Smith & Moore, 2011). The proposed expansion of Medicaid is consistent with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ Article 25, which states that â€Å"everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services† (The United Nations, 1948, para 25). It is also compatible with the democratic principle that all individuals have specific basic rights, such as access to health care services. The main objective of democracy is to safeguard such rights (Machan, 2005). However, the opinions of numerous Americans on this issue are conflicting, which suggest that the public has not yet reached a ‘collective self-determination’. However, what is evident here is the existence of a ‘public discourse’. Majorities believe that the health care system has to undergo comprehensive reforms, and many argue that it is the obligation of the governm ent to make sure that everybody has sufficient access to health care. However, opinions differ when it comes to the possible costs of an expanded Medicaid (Smith & Moore, 2011). If we use the term public discourse to refer to the communicative processes by which public opinion is formed, we can say that the public discourse continuously but unsuccessfully strives to mediate between individual and collective self-determination to produce â€Å"a common will, communicatively shaped and discursively clarified in the political public sphere† (Habermas, 1987, 81). However, through public discourse Americans were able to reach a collective perception that lack of sufficient access to health care is the most

Managing business organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing business organisation - Essay Example In contrast to the classic way of treating the workforce as assets in order to gain revenue and transactions, he viewed them as individuals who need to be trained and aligned to the strategic direction of a business organization. With this commitment, he leads them recognizing their worth and importance to the company. He trains them with respect at the same time becoming a good example of what a professional chef and group member should be like. His leadership is built on mutual respect and a commitment to merge understanding with discipline. He tried to understand employees’ problems by being with them in all that they go through providing the proper guidance. He is consistent in his way of resolving conflicts and is always willing to praise and recognize employees’ improvements. The management structure in Fifteen is relatively flat with Jamie at the top and all employees treated as equals. As each trainee is given the same opportunities and limitations, they become more receptive of the idea of teamwork noting that each has a different contribution to the business organization. The flat structure enables the smooth and direct flow of information in each party. It should be noted that trainees can directly communicate with Oliver about the problems they are experiencing. The chef is also very open to the concern of the employees and takes time to listen to all their problems. This openness facilitates the resolution of conflicts relative fast and execution of plans more efficient. Ethics has been an important component in the day in and day out operations of the company. Noting that being courteous and respectful to both customers and colleagues are primary to the success of a restaurant, Oliver emphasizes these values even during the early stage of training. For a company which is operating in the current business arena, the issue of conducting business ethically is of utmost importance as customers are becoming more and more

How has your backgroung and experience prepare you to interact Essay

How has your backgroung and experience prepare you to interact effectively with individuals who are different from you in their social, cultural, or economic perspectives - Essay Example As an immigrant to the U.S., I have had to interact with people whose cultures are different from mine. In order to overcome the problem of communication barrier, I have had to learn English, French being my first language. In total, I can effectively communicate in three languages, thanks to my encounters with people of different cultural backgrounds. I have also had the opportunity to work with individuals who are physically and mentally challenged. This experience has made me learn and appreciate the challenges these people face and how they wish to be treated. Furthermore, I have worked in settings that encompass people who hold divergent views and who are from different backgrounds. My interactions with these people have made me learn about different cultures and their general orientations toward life. In conclusion, I have interacted with different people at different forums and settings, something that has greatly shaped my appreciation of divergent views. Today, I am a better person because I have learnt to put myself in other people’s shoes and can contribute constructively in discussions that involve people whose views are different from the ones I

Event management planing for Playwright Media in Birmingam Essay

Event management planing for Playwright Media in Birmingam - Essay Example They also offer projects that are aimed at giving young people practical skills that they can utilize. Their C.O.M. Youthnity Project is a 6 week media program that gives students an introduction to basic film, photography and radio. They also take volunteers to help with these youth oriented programs and this helps since they are able to connect better with the students. Since its establishment in October 2009 Playwright Media has successfully worked with a number of Third sector organizations to promote and showcase their services. Through the success of smaller projects Playwright has managed to sustain lengthy contracts. In particular Playwright Media has played a key role in the growth and sustainability of several small organizations. PlayWright believes 'your goals are our goals' and their consultants work hard to achieve them, whether they be increasing profit or turnover, attracting and retaining customers or simply maintaining competitive advantage, PlayWright can always he lp. Right now, PlayWright is looking to create an event that will help push its client base when it comes to corporate events and reach out to its target audience. It also wants to make people aware of the youth centric programs it handles. Objectives: PlayWright Media has two specific objectives to plan this event. 1. To significantly increase their client base for their corporate services, with a focus on companies based in South Birmingham. 2. To significantly increase the awareness of their organization and its services to its target audience. Solution An event targeted at SMEs, that is, Small to Medium Enterprises that will help them realize that they are in fact the future of the nation, and how the right marketing will help them increase their productivity and give them better output. It has always been a misconception that media services are targeted mainly at large scale enterprises. This, due to the fact the most obvious and main stream of promotional media such as televis ion and newspaper advertisements are very expensive due to their wide coverage. Smaller agencies do not allow such expenses in their budget, one, because they do not need to reach out to such a wide audience and two, because spending on such activities seems nothing short of frivolous to them. They concentrate on servicing their immediate geographic area and bank on word of mouth to spread word of their services. Pettit and Singer (1985) state that SMEs normally operate in less concentrated markets, with greater competitive pressure. In the last three decades, the economy of Birmingham has gone through a tremendous change with manufacturing being replaced by the service sector as the principle source of employment. This is expected to create over 50,000 additional jobs in the city in the next decade. (birminghameconomy.org.uk) A new research has shown that only nine per cent of Birmingham’s SMEs have created over 50,000 jobs in the city in the last three years. (birminghampos t.net) Thus, we can say that SMEs are the future of Birmingham and to take them to a higher level, they must be given the right guidance, support and coverage. Event: â€Å"SMEs: Brightening Birmingham† The event will be a corporate style seminar followed by a group discussion revolving around Small and Medium Enterprises and the future prospects they have in Birmingham. The theme of the event will be â€Å"SMEs: Brightening Birmingham†. SMEs in the area of South Birmingham will be invited to this event. The idea is to make people

Discuss the similarities between Louis Wirth's Urbanism As A Way of Assignment

Discuss the similarities between Louis Wirth's Urbanism As A Way of Life and Cara Buckley's article in The New York Times - Assignment Example Thus it is expected that there will not be occurrences of abrupt and discontinuous variations in personality between people living in the city and those on the countryside. However, recent studies have revealed that the experience of country folks moving to the city has been characterized by hardship where many feel left out while others just fail to adapt to the busy city life. This paper seeks to research and discuss the similarities between Louis Wirths "Urbanism as a Way of Life" and Cara Buckleys article in The New York Times. According to both authors, the rapidity and recentness of urbanization in the United States is a major course of the problems faced in urban centers and the lack of awareness towards them. The urban centers are populated densely by individuals from diverse cultures and religions which leads to very different modes of life among the city inhabitants. There is a wide variability and segmentation of individuals and a significant absence of intimacy in the relation between fellow city inhabitants which are generally superficial and short lived. According to Wirth (2), the heterogeneity of the urban population results in disintegrated social structures which promote mobility, instability and insecurity. Buckley’s article also reflects Wirth’s ideology that the social life in urban centers is superficial and there are distant social relations. Buckley writes about the experiences of newcomers in the New York City and how it changes the personality and social behavior pattern s of the people who move to the city. This is depicted in Lisa Phin’s case who is 25 and moved to the city from Dallas (Buckley 2008). She had a hard time making friends and out of the loneliness she faced she resorted to building friendships through online websites. The tight schedules, routines and the usual bustle of the city life quickly take the

The Role Of Social Performance Of Organizations Assignment

The Role Of Social Performance Of Organizations - Assignment Example A business has to consider the social factors for proper operation and efficient functioning. A successful organization is the one that one that can create a relationship that can last for a long time with its customers. How the two relate should be of a mutual benefit i.e. the decisions made by the business and the social policies should be in line with the principle of shared value. A successful business is always brought about by the improvement in the living standard of the people where the organization operates.Apple Company was developed in 1/04/1976 bb Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak who are the co-founders. Apple Inc. is a multinational corporation that was incorporated on January 3, 1997. It designs, manufactures, and sells electronics, software, online services, portable digital music players, and laptops. By revenue, it is the second largest information technology in the world after Samsung Electronics, and the third in the world in terms of mobile phone makers. Its main serv ices and products are iPad, iPod, iPhone, Mac, Apple TV, a package of users and professional software application, OSX and iOS operation systems, iCloud, and many other accessories, services, and offerings. Apple Inc. is best known for its creative and proprietary software and hardware and has reached many milestones in the world of technology in the recent years. Studies have shown that it is among the most admired organizations in the world and it tops in innovation and management of employees (Linzmayer, O. W 2004).

Discuss the similarities between Louis Wirth's Urbanism As A Way of Assignment

Discuss the similarities between Louis Wirth's Urbanism As A Way of Life and Cara Buckley's article in The New York Times - Assignment Example Thus it is expected that there will not be occurrences of abrupt and discontinuous variations in personality between people living in the city and those on the countryside. However, recent studies have revealed that the experience of country folks moving to the city has been characterized by hardship where many feel left out while others just fail to adapt to the busy city life. This paper seeks to research and discuss the similarities between Louis Wirths "Urbanism as a Way of Life" and Cara Buckleys article in The New York Times. According to both authors, the rapidity and recentness of urbanization in the United States is a major course of the problems faced in urban centers and the lack of awareness towards them. The urban centers are populated densely by individuals from diverse cultures and religions which leads to very different modes of life among the city inhabitants. There is a wide variability and segmentation of individuals and a significant absence of intimacy in the relation between fellow city inhabitants which are generally superficial and short lived. According to Wirth (2), the heterogeneity of the urban population results in disintegrated social structures which promote mobility, instability and insecurity. Buckley’s article also reflects Wirth’s ideology that the social life in urban centers is superficial and there are distant social relations. Buckley writes about the experiences of newcomers in the New York City and how it changes the personality and social behavior pattern s of the people who move to the city. This is depicted in Lisa Phin’s case who is 25 and moved to the city from Dallas (Buckley 2008). She had a hard time making friends and out of the loneliness she faced she resorted to building friendships through online websites. The tight schedules, routines and the usual bustle of the city life quickly take the

E-Marketing Strategy-Business Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

E-Marketing Strategy-Business Report - Essay Example This means heavy investments in inventory and maintenance of the stores. Naturally this makes the end product costlier. In the second model there is no need for an inventory and shipments can be made from the factory maintained central warehouse or other distribution points at lower cost. This is essentially E-Marketing that is less expensive and has a greater reach. Online business has also become a trend with customers preferring this mode for ease of access and ease of payment. Electronic market places allow companies to present their firm and their products on a especially dedicated internet platform. They offer public authorities the possibility to get an overview of the market. Simple forms of electronic market places could be compared with electronic business directories. Combined with an e-catalogue electronic market places can also become a platform that allows public authorities to order products. It is thought that extending business online just means launching a website about the products and/or services of the company. However a successful e-marketing initiative for extending business online the behaviour of the target audience is important. The design of the website has to be appealing; the Content needs to be useful, Search Engine Optimization are necessary for quick access and the features and technology deployed should be easy to use. Once the site is up and running several strategies are to be executed to drive traffic to the site regularly such as; linking with other sites, advertising where necessary, submitting to search engines, etc. Last but not the least there is need to maintain updated and relevant information on the site to retain the interest and loyalty of the customers. E-commerce, although an integral part of extending business in this century, is not something that can be achieved without devoting a decent amount of time and effort. And unless executed with expertise, it is likely to flounder in the abyss of cyber space.

Tools and Techniques for Interactive Website

Tools and Techniques for Interactive Website M2 you must write a report to explain the tools and techniques you used in the creation of your interactive website. I used Adobe muse to create my website because of the flexibility and usefulness of the software. I have used this because it is very simple to use and to add any text, images or any tools to the website easily. When creating my website there were many tools and techniques I used to create my website and making it interactive. Adding a search bar: Search bar is really important and websites need to have a search bar as it makes it easier for the users to find something quickly. In order to create a search bar in adobe muse you will need a Google account. Then you can easily create a search engine and also you can edit it as well and when you done just click on get code .You will get a code and you need to go back to the website and just paste the code and it will occur a search bar like this. Navigation bar: Navigation bar is very useful as it helps the user to navigate the site easily; it makes the site look more professional and attractive so it can attract the audience to view the page. To add a navigation bar you need to click on Widgets library then it will appear a small window and you just need to click on Menus. Its up to you if want a horizontal or vertical menu just click on it and it will come up like this . Slideshow: Slideshow is a really useful tool to organise and compress information. By using a slideshow you can easily showcase images and can show much more information and it allows accessing the information quickly. This is a good tool to make the website more appealing and eye catching. To add a slideshow you will need to click on Widgets library and it will appear a window showing different tools. You just need to click on Slideshows and it will show you different options. You can choose any from the list and then click on it. It will come up like this. Insert image- This tool is used to insert any kind of image file on the website. This is a very important tool as it helps to make the website visually engaging by catching the users attention and makes it a bit more interactive and interesting. In order to insert an image, you need to click on File and then just click on place and it will take you to the image file where you have saved all the images and just select the image and click on open . It will come up like this. If you have more images to add just repeat this step. Hotspot: Hotspots work almost the same as links. This is useful as it helps the users to access the website quickly. Too add hotspot on the slideshow you just need to click on the image first, then on the top you need to click on the arrow and it will show you a drop down menu like this. Link: This tool is used to link all the page and media together. So the user can navigate through the website hyperlinks are put in place to help the user to get from one page to another. I have linked all of my pages together by using the hyperlinks, also I have made sure that all of the text that I have written is easy to read and easy to get to as well as the visible links to navigate each of the hyperlinks within my website. I used hyperlinks to allow the users to navigate around the website. To add hyperlinks on the text you will need to highlight the text first and then click on the hyperlinks arrow and it will show you a dropdown menu and this will allow you to add the hyperlinks on the text. Html: I used HTML coding when creating the website. I used it when copying the embed codes for the search bar and radio button list and using the code feature of adobe muse  to add these to the website so that users are able to see research the product . To insert an html code you will need to find the suitable Rollovers: Rollovers are buttons on a website that change when the cursor moves over it. Rollovers make the website look better and make it easier for the users to use the menu bar. This is because the button can changes the colour to make the website more exciting. The rollover shows that user that it is a button and that it is hyperlinked. In order to do this you can just need to click on the label and it will show you few options and then you need to click on Rollover The widgets library is really useful as you can see in the screenshot you can use different tools from to create different thing. So if you can click on the buttons it will allow you to add buttons, if you click on the menus it will allow you to add menus on the page and also if you click on the social you will be able to add different social media widgets. Master Page: A master page is like a background that you can quickly apply to many pages. If you add any objects on a master page on all pages with that master applied. Adding extra pages: I have added extra pages because they work very well for giving users a visual map of where to go. To add extra pages you just need to click on the small plus icon and it will show you a blank page and to add more pages just repeat this. I have also used some of these tools. The first tool I have used from the tool bar is the Selection tool to move objects around like images, texts etc. I have also used the text tool to create text frame and typed inside it and the last tool I have used from the toolbar is the rectangle tool and which allows drawing rectangle boxes. So you can use these tools to make the website layout professional. I have also used text tool to make the texts more visible and easy for the users to read. I have used different fonts as the font on a website is very important as it shows the style of the website I have made the texts big enough for the users so they wont have any problem understanding the text. I have also used colour to make the website looks more appealing and eye catching, so by using these tools you can easily modify I have also used the color tool to colour the texts, boxes etc. and also to make it more visible and noticeable for the users to notice. In order to add colour just click on the colour tool and it will allow you to add colour into anything. Animation: I have also used animated slide in text to make the website looks more professional. To do this you just need to go to internet and find the Html code and then insert the code into the box and click ok. The plan mode: There are four different plan modes. I have used the plan mode; the plan mode is the structure of the site or the site map. The design mode where you can edit the pages and add different tools. So if you click on the Design it will allow you to add tools on the pages and make some changes etc. Also the Preview mode allows you to review the page and you can see what you have done and it allows accessing the tools you have used on the pages. The last is the publish mode I didnt use that mode, it allows you to upload the website to the business catalyst and can easily view it on online. Microsoft PowerPoint: I have used Microsoft PowerPoint to remove the background of the images. To make it fit with pages I had to use PowerPoint because you can easily remove the background of the image in a PowerPoint and its much faster than Photoshop and its very easy to do it. Structure Diagrams: The stricture diagram for website shows how website will linked webpages are access and stucturesd. The websites usually only uses three different structures: linear, hierarchical and matrix. Structure diagram helped me to plan how I wanted the pages to be structure. The structure diagram helped me to get started fast and I have made the website in a hierarchical way because it is structures with each web page and linked with a number of different pages. The hearicaial is a good way for the user to access the website; as the hierarchy gets higher, the content is more refined by the user is trying to locate. Story Board: Before even construct my website a plan was needed in order to make sure I knew what was to be put on the website. After this, through the use of a storyboard it made it easy to construct a website based on the designs. From the story board and planning of my website. I finally came to the end of the website and I realised that at first it seemed like a very long process when I started making the website it helped a lot as I could easily reference to make sure that my initial ideas we all included. Mood boards: Mouldboard also helped a lot when I was constructing the website. This helped me to make sure what colour, texts and images would be the best for the website and would make it look professional and eye catching. Through the use of mood board I made the website looks professional.

Letters in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Essay -- Jane Austen Prid

Letters in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice is one of the great love stories of our time. Its continued popularity shows that its essential story can still be adapted to modern day life. Set in the 1800s, it tells the love story of two people who gradually learn to understand each other and themselves. In the time that the novel is set, modern means of communication, for example telephones and computers were not yet invented. The most effective way of corresponding, especially over long distances, were letters. In this period, when people met in formal circumstances, for instance at a ball, where they were in company and never alone, they could not express their inner thoughts. Letters provided a confidential way to do this. This is also true to the novel; where Jane Austen carefully composes the letters. There is more care and attention paid to their structure and content; as letters are they are a permanent record of thoughts that can be revisited and re-read, were carefully crafted to provide the exact meaning of each letter. The letters used in Pride and Prejudice shows us a glimpse of a character’s personality and their viewpoint. They are a key feature of conveying a new character and developing the plot. It is not an accident that over forty letters or letter extracts are used in Pride and Prejudice. They are an effective means of illuminating characters where dwelling on individual reflections is not a style used much by the author. Also we gain an insight into the recipient of the letter through their response. One of the first letters used in Pride and Prejudice to introduce a new character is Mr Collins’ letter. This letter gives us our first opportunity to assess ... ...tures Lydia Bennet’s character. In this essay I have shown three examples of letters. In each of these letters we have seen how they have introduced, changed perceptions and shown us in depth a character. Letters are an integral part of the novel; they are threaded through the story to add variety, drama and develop character detail. Without letters it would be hard to move plot on and pick up the pace of the novel. They are used as a means of providing drama to the novel. They often reveal dramatic detail and provide an impression of news being discovered immediately. Letters offer a useful structural device to add variety to how the plot is revealed. This in turn shows the variety and imagination of Austen’s style. They also are entertaining additions to the novel on their own, often giving engaging or moving insights into character and situation.

The 1920s Essay -- essays research papers fc

The 1920’s The 1920’s where a time of conservatism, it was a time of great social change. From the world of fashion to the world to politics, forces clashed to produce the most explosive decade of the century.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The eighteenth Amendment was passed in 1920, which made alcohol illegal. It was called the Prohibition Amendment. This was known as the â€Å"Noble Experiment†. All importing, exporting, selling, manufacturing and transporting of alcohol were illegal. The older people favored this amendment. They felt that alcohol was bad because of the way people behaved after drinking. People thought that crime, death rates and poverty would decrease now because alcohol was illegal. The younger generation did not like this amendment. Many people did not really listen to the law. The law actually increased the amount of people drinking alcohol. Some people would try and make alcohol in their own homes. This was called â€Å"bathtub gin†. Alcohol would be smuggled from Canada during the twenties (Microsoft Encarta, 1999). Saloons that used to serve liquor were now called speak-easies. Instead of reducing the crimes rates, crime was actually greater. Organized crime w as developed because of Prohibition. Sometimes police were bribed and went along with what was going on and would not do anything. The death rates were much higher than before. â€Å"Prohibition destroyed legal jobs, created black-market violence, diverted resources from enforcement of other laws and increased prices people had to pay for prohibited goods† (Thorton, Mark 1991). Al Capone was one of the most powerful bootleggers in Chicago, there were many gangs rivales due to prohibition the people who were bootlegging became wealthy because many people wanted alcohol.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1920’s, the Nineteenth Amendment was passed, which gave women the right to vote. During this decade women became strong and more independent. Women were accomplishing a lot more than they had before. Women started going to college so she could earn her own living. More women started leaving the home and working at a factory or as a secretary. Women were discriminated at the work place. They received lower wages then man did. In the 1920’s, the term flapper was introduced. It was first used in Britain after World War 1. Young women were labeled as flappers who wore makeup shorter skirts. Fl... ...hat followed, forty billion dollars were lost. The Great Depression had started. The 1920’s was a decade that changes American life. Frederick Lewis Allen describes the twenties as a â€Å"revolution in manners and morals.† The twenties has been named all types of nicknames, such as: â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†, â€Å"The Era of Wonderful Nonsense†, â€Å"The Decade of the Dollar†, â€Å"The Period of the Psyche†, â€Å" Dry Decade† and the age of â€Å"Alcohol and Al Capone† (Gales Research, 1998). During the twenties, the way Americans lived had changed. The 1920’s was a time in history that has been remembered for its great prosperity but also for its great loss. The Great Depression is what ended the Roaring Twenties. Works Cited Gales Research. 1998. Microsoft Encarta. CD-ROM. Microsoft, 1999. Movies, Music, and Sports of the 1920’s. 9 March. 2003 http://www.albany.edu/ The Roaring Twenties Hitchhikers Guide- lectures with links and Photos H102   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lecture 09. 9 March. 2003 http://evip.fresno.com/ Thorton, Mark. â€Å"Policy Analysis: Alcohol Prohibition Was a Failure.† July 17,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1991. Online. Netscape. 23 April 1998   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Project Management Conflict Resolution Essay

Overview: Shirley was the manager of new products division at an e-commerce company. She and Maggie, one of her team members, interviewed Jesse for a new position on their project team. Maggie did not feel Jesse was the right fit for the position and strongly opposed his candidature. Shirley felt differently and hired Jesse. Six months after Jesse was hired, Shirley left the project to start her own company and recommended that Jesse and Maggie serve as joint project leaders. Maggie agreed reluctantly-with the stipulation that it be made clear she was not working for Jesse. The General Manager consented; Maggie and Jesse were to share the project leadership. Within a month of this development, Maggie was angry when she felt that Jesse was representing himself to others as the leader of the entire project and giving the impression that Maggie was working for him. She called for a meeting with the General Manager to see if he could clarify the issue again and resolve the conflict between them. Maggie said to the General Manager, â€Å"Right after the joint leadership arrangement was reached; Jesse called a meeting of the project team without even consulting me about the time or content. He just told me when it was being held and said I should join them. At the meeting, Jesse reviewed everyone’s duties line by line, including mine, treating me as just another team member working for him. He sends out letters and signs himself as project director, which obviously implies to others that I am working for him.† Jesse replied: â€Å"Maggie is all hung up with feelings of power and titles. Just because I sign myself as project director doesn’t mean she is working for me. I don’t see anything to get excited about. What difference does it make? She is too sensitive about everything. I call a meeting and right away she thinks I’m trying to run everything. Maggie has other things to do-other projects to run-so she doesn’t pay too much attention to this one. She mostly lets things slide. But when I take the initiative to set up a meeting, she starts jumping up and down about how I am trying to make her work for me.† How is the General Manager going to resolve this conflict? The issues: * Personality clashes * Lack of respect * Authority * Egos * Disagreements about the right way to manage. Problems: Major – Project delay, Client dissatisfaction, Miscommunication, Effectiveness Minor – Confusion, Rumours, Low morale Tying theory to the issue Conflict is defined as a disagreement of persons or groups of persons considering a situation as inconsistent with their own interests (Boulding 1963, Robbins 1974, Putnam & Wilson 1982, Hocker & Wilmot 1985). A conflict can oppose somebody to himself or herself (internal conflict), to other persons, groups of persons or to institutions (Thomas 1992). Several definitions synthesis made in organization theories (Putman & Poole 1987), psychology (Thomas 1992) or information systems (Barki et coll. 2001) considers three properties of interpersonal conflicts: interdependence, interference and disagreement. By itself, each property cannot be considered as a sufficient condition. Interpersonal conflicts are more dependant of their overlapping. †¢Interdependence exists when each party reaches a specific goal, at least because of the actions of the other party. In essence, interdependence is a structural condition for conflicts in a professional context because of respective consequence s of the way the other party acts. †¢Interference is a behavioral condition for conflict and occurs when one or several parties oppose the other party’s attainment of its interests, objectives, or goals. Interference thus represents the central behavioral node of any conflict (Barki et coll. 2001 p.198). †¢Disagreement is a cognitive condition for conflict and corresponds to divergence of interpretations toward values, objectives, needs, methods, etc. Disagreement refers to disputant behaviors and is considered as the central process associated to conflict (Wall & Callister 1995). In the above context, these causes can be task (or process) oriented versus affective (or relational) oriented (Deutsch 1969). Conflicts about tasks are issue oriented and arising from differences between activities to be performed, whereas affective conflicts refer to personalized disagreements or individual disaffections. The first ones can be considered as differences of  points of view rarely assorted of negative emotions while the second ones can raise frictions and tensions which can affect team performance (Jehn & Mannix 2001). The 4 different conflict types drawn from task and affective orientations are: Conflicts about task definition and execution are caused by the way organizational processes have to be adapted or transformed to fit with IT process requirements (for examples: how invoices and orders must be established, new data codification, signature validation process). These conflicts can be â€Å"internally initiated† when users compare the way they achieve their tasks and perceive organizational inconsistencies (Besson 1999). They can also be â€Å"externally initiated† because of the process constraints imposed by information technology to be implemented. Value conflicts are psychologically based. They refer to ideology by which some people share beliefs and make sense of their worlds (Trice & Beyer 1993). Firm subunits may have their own subculture varying in their ideological content (Stewart & Gosain 2006). In IS, value conflicts may arise on inconsistency between cultural principles of users or group of users and the perceived underlying strategic objectives assigned to IT implementation (Leidner & Kayworth 2006). Power conflicts concern the way individual autonomies and capabilities of influence are likely to be distributed among employees. A Analysis and Solution: In this case, there are several issues between Maggie and Jesse. First and foremost, Maggie feels that Jesse is incompetent, thus her perceptions of his capabilities are skewed and has little respect for Jesse. On the other hand, Jesse feels that Maggie seems to have an issue with titles and  placement of authority. There appears to be a clear lack of teamwork and trust. There is also the appearance of self-promotion and miscommunication. This conflict did not originate from conflicting goals, but is related to the individuals involved. It is due to personality clashes between the individuals and some of the reasons are: * Lack of respect for each other * Power conflict * Value conflicts * Working styles * Incorrect perceptions formed due to lack of personal interaction. * Personal dislike. The General Manager needs to meet with them and explain to them how the personal conflict between them is affecting the project and the team as a whole. The goal here is to get them to at least communicate with each other to get everything out in the open. Confidentiality is key here, but it is also important that they are really listening and hearing each other. Remind them that what is discussed in the room does not leave the room. During the meeting: * Inquire as to what (are) the issue(s)? Get it all out on the table – let them vent. * What are their perspectives?  * Work with them to develop criteria for solutions to their conflict. * Ask them their ideas on how to move forward with resolving the issue based on the criteria agreed to, that may help to resolve the conflict. * What alternatives can they come up with to work together effectively? * Can they come to consensus on any of the alternatives? * Ask them to think about what they can do to get past the issue, or put it aside, in order to move forward with working together. What alternatives exist? This should happen overnight – let them sleep on it. * Provide feedback on their working styles as it is hindering team spirit. * Set up off-site sessions to get the team together to improve bonding and overcome personal biases. * Emphasize on the need to separate personal prejudices from the task at hand. The General Managers role here will be to get them talking to each other about their ideas to resolve the conflict and, ideally, coming to a consensus on how to resolve it. It is important to remember that the manager cannot resolve it for them; they need to do so themselves. He is  just facilitating the discussion for them. Help them work toward coming to consensus on resolving the conflict by asking questions, probing for details, etc. If one comes up with an idea, see how that idea might be tweaked so that it is acceptable to the other individual. How can the other add to the idea so that it might work for his/her also? Remember also that sometimes consensus cannot be reached and the conflict is not able to be resolved, but you still need these individuals to work together. How might they do so? What do they need to work together professionally and cordially toward the successful conclusion of the project? Once a consensus has been reached – or there is agreement on how to work together in spite of the conflict between them – review what was agreed and get their commitment that they will continue to work on the resolution of the conflict (as we know it won’t go away immediately!) and abide by the plan they developed to resolve it. The General Manager should also: * Clearly define the responsibilities and set guidelines for both. * Make the dependencies between Jesse and Maggie clear and ensure that their goals are aligned to take care of the dependencies. * Take a commitment that key decisions are taken jointly. * Create a communication plan, escalation mechanism and set up ground rules. * Ensure that both Jesse and Maggie promote project interest over self interest. * Take steps to build mutual trust, as it is key to minimizing unhealthy conflict Advantages: It is important that the team members involved in a personal conflict take ownership of their issues and work constructively to resolve them. This will ensure that the project is not in jeopardy and all the stakeholders have confidence in the team leadership. Once the power conflict is resolved, a collaborative and consultative environment can be created which is conducive to productivity and efficiency. In such an environment, projects are one time and on budget. Disadvantages: A possible disadvantage is that to maintain a balance of power and effective collaboration wherein there is no perception of subterfuge, substantial time commitment is required. Also, even with the time commitment, there no absolute guarantee that the feeling of distrust will eliminated entirely. Recommendations: Follow up with them both individually and together to check on how things are going over the next few weeks and months, and provide them the support they need to continue to head in the right direction of an improved working relationship. References: Barki H. & Hartwick J. (2001), â€Å"Interpersonal Conflict and Its Management in Information SystemDevelopment.†, MIS Quarterly. Besson P. (1999), â€Å"Les ERP à   l’à ©preuve de l’organisation†, Systà ¨mes d’Information et Management. Boulding K. (1963), Conflict and Defense, New York, Harper & Row. Deutsch M. (1969), â€Å"Conflicts: productive and destructive†. Dans F. E. Jandt, à ©d. Conflict resolutiontrough communication. New York, Harper and Row. Hocker J.L. & Wilmot W.W. (1985), Interpersonal Conflict, Dubuque. Jehn K.A. & Mannix E.A. (2001), â€Å"The dynamic nature of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance†, Academy of Management Journal. Leidner D.E. & Kayworth T. (2006), â€Å"Review: a Review of Culture in Information Systems Research: Toward a Theory of Information Technology Culture Conflict†, MIS Quarterly. Markus M.L., Tanis C. & Fenema P.C.V. (2000), â€Å"Multisite E RP implementations†, Association for Computing Machinery. Communications of the ACM. Putnam L.L. & Wilson C. (1982), â€Å"Communicative Strategies in Organizational Conflict: Reliabilityand Validity of a Measurement Scale†. Dans M. Burgoon, à ©d. Communication Yearbook. Putman L.L. & Poole M.S. (1987), â€Å"Conflict and negociation†. Dans Handbook of Organzational Communication. Newbury Park, CA, Jablin, F. M., Putman, L. L., Roberts, K. H., Porter, L.W., Robbins S.P. (1974), Managing Organizational Conflict, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Robey D. & Taggart W. (1981), â€Å"Measuring Managers’ Minds: The Assessment of Style in Human Information Processing†, Academy of Management. The Academy of Management Review, Stewart K.J. & Gosain S. (2006), â€Å"The Impact of Ideology on Effectiveness in Open Source Software Development Teams†, MIS Quarterly. Thomas K.W. (1992), â€Å"Conflict and Conflict Management: Reflections and Updateâ⠂¬ , Journal of Organizational Behavior Trice H.M. & Beyer J.M. (1993), The Cultures of Work Organizations, Englewood Cliffs, PrenticeHall. Wall J.A.J. & Callister R.R. (1995), â€Å"Conflict and its Management,†, Journal of Management

Impact Of Climate Change On Insurance

Change in clime is emerging up as a new type of issue in the security facet because of the manner it affects both the life and the wellbeing of homo ‘s in a extremely interconnected and delicate universe. ( Evans, 1994, 107-128 ) Changing clime is going a menace to the basic public assistance and survival demands of worlds across the Earth, including the production of nutrient, wellness, entree to H2O and the use of land. Environmental want lifting from different sorts of economical activities of worlds has increased the strength and frequence of natural catastrophes throughout the universe. Around the universe, there has ever been natural development in the conditions and clime events. In fact, the insurance companies have become experts in patterning the black hazards which has now become an integrated instrument in the insurance industry. This has helped a figure of concerns to digest the losingss from unexpected natural catastrophes without of import defaults. This has now led to the fact that insurance companies have become more refined in analysing, managing and understanding their recent hazards because of their natural catastrophes around the universe. Many of the companies in United Kingdom are observed to be bettering in pull offing and measuring their ways of covering with the hereafter tendencies and hazards of the industry. As a figure of UK insurance companies have started to observe it, depending on their old conditions conditions and forms for be aftering out schemes for future. For this, they must place the chance of losingss and additions related to endure conditions. The impact of clime alteration is on a really broad scope from increased sum of hurricanes, fires and inundations to wellness and life acquiring affected by altering forms of hot and cold conditions. ( Evans, 1994, 107-128 ) Physical impacts ‘ consequence on insurance companies: Companies of insurance and reinsurance are likely to confront the strong impact of the alterations in clime more than other parts of the fiscal concerns. There are a figure of illustrations where it is seen that that how highly upwind status can impact the insurance companies, the authorities and the sectors at catchers. Whilst there are illustrations of how the conditions alterations are impacting the insurance industry because of the flexibleness of the insurance sector, in other ways it is rather good positioned in accommodating the alterations in conditions events and forms. ( David, 2007, 28-38 ) Menace of clime alteration for insurance industry: The chief menace that is confronting the insurance industry is climate alteration. This menace affects both belongings and casualty insurance that the insurance people. Another concern: the two sectors will hold to accommodate to demographic alteration that is looming. This emerges from a survey by Ernst & A ; Young, in coaction with Oxford Analytica. Ernst & A ; Young has compiled a top 10 list of menaces that will face insurance companies after questioning 20 industry leaders worldwide. Harmonizing to Ernst & A ; Young, clime alteration tops the list because planetary heating is altering the clime and increases the likeliness of claims originating from inundations, hurricanes and other natural phenomena. â€Å" I ‘m non certain the industry is poised to get by with clime alteration, warned Tom Kornya, a spouse at Ernst & A ; Young, in an interview with Insurance Journal. Five old ages ago, this hazard was non even on the list. â€Å" Mr. Kornya adds that non merely the sector of harm insurance that will be affected by clime alteration, life insurance should besides cover with it sooner or later. Damage will come to insurance when clime alteration will ensue in air current storms and inundations. In life insurance, the effects will be gradual. With temperatures that may alter, life insurance companies will confront new jobs in wellness and mortality. So there could be different types of losingss. â€Å" The underwriting of these merchandises is dining and no 1 has yet measured that cause clime alteration. The success of the industry will travel through the development of advanced merchandises, which will confront great uncertainness, such as typing velocity and badness of clime alteration, â€Å" he said. The 2nd hazard that the industry faces is the demographic alteration with the reaching of the babe boomers retire, ensuing in new demands. Insurance companies would be under great force per unit area, they will necessitate to replace authoritiess. ( Rober, 2010, 34-33 ) In add-on to the force per unit area generated by this new function, insurance companies will besides cover than their rivals. â€Å" Banks, common fund companies and all fiscal establishments will fight to acquire the same dollar. There is a hazard at that place excessively. Insurance companies must stay advanced with their merchandises to maintain the advantage, â€Å" says Kornya. ( Rober, 2010, 34-33 ) â€Å" The environment in which insurance companies and pattern is invariably altering rapidly, † said Tom Kornya. We find that consumers are looking for simple, low cost merchandises and others who want more complex merchandises that are besides more expensive. A company that will non hold a multichannel entree could fall into the background if it does non utilize Internet, media and telephone. â€Å" The last two menaces on the list of the top 10 hazards of Ernst & A ; Young are the legal uncertainnesss and the possibility of geopolitical or macroeconomic perturbations. In the first instance, answerability and reform in footings of offense could take to fiscal losingss. For the 2nd, the house says that the menace of a terrible fiscal crisis due to derived functions and hedge financess could be damaging to the industry. Opportunities for insurance: Climate alteration nowadayss hazards but besides chances. The possible chances created by the effects of a altering clime may necessitate fostering through the dedication of attending and resources. Too frequently, intelligence coverage portrays climate alteration as a doom-and-gloom narrative of impending catastrophe. Surely, many of the possible impacts of clime alteration are likely to negatively impact us, and we must turn to them, but we should non disregard the possible chances that a altering clime could make in portion by proactively accommodating to them. Some economic sectors and concerns may make better because of the effects of clime alteration, and they should seek to place those new economic chances and put in prosecuting them. Turning back to the illustration the reduced trust on winter roads due to warmer mean temperatures disrupts supply ironss and increases costs for the excavation companies runing in the part. ( David, 2007, 28-38 ) . â€Å" It is a hazard for insurance companies, but besides a great chance, says Tom Kornya. There will be a great demand for pension merchandises. Baby boomers look for low-cost merchandises that generate gross. By cons, debate the function of authorities in the pension is non really advanced. Insurance companies will be required to take this topographic point and this is a new hazard to which they are unaccustomed. â€Å" Financing and advisory Companies in carbon-intensive sectors are already seeking finance to assist them diminish nursery gas emanations. In the populace sphere, big amounts of capital will be needed in the coming decennaries to develop, modify and regenerate cardinal energy, transit and inundation defence substructure across the universe. Climate alteration may look to be a slow burn issue for the fiscal sector, but companies would be wise to give it important attending, as much for the emerging tops of altering demand as for protecting themselves against the eroding of value in the long term. Hedging and trading The demand from the industry is increasing for a figure of hazard transportation instruments in order to protect the companies against the addition in the monetary values of energy, the altering forms of conditions and the likely failure of current freshly introduced engineerings. The happening of C among the trade goods that are tradable has grown higher to complex merchandises that are get downing to draw a big figure of fiscal organisations and let some farther misdemeanor and development of the merchandises. Consumer grosss The consciousness spread about the green issues encourages growing in socially responsible investings by the consumers and organisations likewise. Even though, the market for mortgages, insurance and loans that give wages to low C behavior is right now less, it may increase rapidly. Similarly, the increased consciousness of windstorms and inundations has started to increase the desire of clients who are at hazard for the belongings and casualty insurance. Deductions: There are a figure of activities that the insurance industry can make in order to better their apprehension of the impact and affects of alteration in clime, assist the society and authorities to understand in a better manner and fix for the hazards involved in the development in fire-prone or coastal countries and do points that could protect their clients from the harm induced by the climatic alteration. Following are some of the deductions in order to cut down the negative impact of the clime alteration on the insurance industry: ( Evans, 1994, 107-128 ) Most of the climatic scientists agree that the conditions conditions in future are most likely to differ that the old conditions conditions. Therefore, it will be reasonable for the insurance companies to understand in a better manner, what will be the hereafter if the anticipations of the scientists are true. Hazard theoretical accounts can be developed on the footing of these anticipations with the aid of expertness. We can besides set more possible for the research and surveies as they will supply more cognition and analytical capacity. It will besides assist in enabling the insurance companies to happen the concealed markets and new chances for their merchandises along with the hazard direction and educating consumers. ( Rober, 2010, 34-33 ) Work with the scientists in order to raise the economic relevance and accurateness for the climatic alteration mold. Disclose and acknowledge the hazards of climatic alteration in one-year security filings and by other concern communications. Should take a practical attack in order to act upon the planning and development of land usage, in fraction as most of the expected rise in the losingss are stemming out from the black events that could be prevented by good spacial planning. There are a figure of stairss that could be taken: 1 ) maintain the valuable belongings out of the hazard parts and 2 ) grant both the economic and environmental benefits.

Artist: Andy Warhol Essay

Perhaps no artist in American history has embraced ambiguity more willingly than Andy Warhol. To this day, scholarly interpretations of his multi-faceted creative output struggle to define Warhol’s essential aesthetic, and also to resolve the central debate relative to his artistic career, which centers around crucial definitions of â€Å"pop art† and â€Å"avant garde† expression. Warhol, regarded by many as an apologist for twentieth century American culture, receives an equal portion of accolade for being twentieth century American culture’s most accomplished satirist and critic. As an artist with â€Å"roots in commercial design, who, by 1965, was already a celebrity commanding large commissions and shows in major galleries† Warhol occupied a unique aesthetic position which allowed him to forward a number of ground-breaking artistic works which disturb â€Å"the image of Pop as a crass, commercial cousin to the more genuinely radical movements of the period† while remaining a successful capitalist and popular celebrity-artist. (Rifkin 647) Warhol remains a â€Å"leading exponent of the pop art movement,† which is viewed by art historians and critics as an important movement in the mid-twentieth century. Warhol’s use of â€Å"commonplace objects such as dollar bills, soup cans, soft-drink bottles, and soap-pad boxes† is his paintings, collages, and other works emphasized what was then considered a bold new voice in experimental art. paradoxically, the â€Å"experimental† attributes of this new art drew their origin from common, everyday cultural objects, with which Warhol seemed to be attempting to â€Å"ridicule and to celebrate American middle-class values by erasing the distinction between popular and high culture† while simultaneously attempting to blur or erase the line between popular expression and experimental techniques. (â€Å"Warhol, Andy†) In addition to blurring the lines between pop-art and avant garde experimentalism, Warhol also blurred the lines between the personal and impersonal in his art. His idiom incorporated elements of modern society, particularly repetitiveness and â€Å"emptiness† which played equally visceral roles in the impact of his works. In doing so, Warhol admitted into his art, a personal element which often made us of erotic and sexual themes, but which were expressed by way of an intermediary medium or set of contemporary images which seemed to be rife with symbolic association but which might just as easily comprise merely a clever pastiche or surface-level recapitulation of social mores and icons. Warhol produced â€Å"multi-image, mass-produced silk-screen paintings: for many of these, such as the portraits of Marilyn Monroe and Jacqueline Kennedy, he employed newspaper photographs† which allowed for an impersonal medium and yet which produced indelible, iconic visual statements. (â€Å"Warhol, Andy†) Warhol’s idiom developed from his lived-experience. Rather than utilize his personal life for theme and subject matter, he incorporated his biographical experiences: those of a Bohemian, East-coast avant-gard artist into his techniques and in to his supporting cast of assistants. In the 1960’s Warhol â€Å"and his assistants worked out of a large New York studio dubbed the â€Å"Factory. † In the mid-1960s Warhol began making films, suppressing the personal element in marathon essays on boredom. In The Chelsea Girls (1966), a seven-hour voyeuristic look into hotel rooms, he used projection techniques that constituted a startling divergence from established methods. Among his later films are Trash (1971) and L’Amour (1973). With Paul Morrissey, in 1974 Warhol also made the films Frankenstein and Dracula. In 1973, Warhol launched the magazine Interview, a publication centered upon his fascination with the cult of the celebrity. † (â€Å"Warhol, Andy†) The influence of his life upon Warhol’s notions of compositional methods gained reinforcement from similar avant-gard artists, poets, and publishers in the 1960’s. Many of Warhol’s associates â€Å"Floating Bear, and Ed Sanders’s Fuck You: A Magazine of the Arts transmitted gossip and/as new literary works; for the extended community who read them, the little magazines functioned as a kind of group epistolary romance† which indicated the juxtapositioning of biography and artistic expression. As such, the â€Å"fast-paced intimacy of these productions appealed to Warhol, who worked to integrate these attributes of the mimeograph medium, as well as the personalities who populated the journals, into the production and distribution of his early films† and also, into his photographically inspired portraits and other paintings which had revitalized a thought-to-be-dying sub-genre. (Rifkin 647) So, in some ways, Warhol seemed to be acting directly against the contemporary social mores of his time: he was openly homosexual, lived as a Bohemian reveler, with a reputation for excess and he made dramatically ambiguous public statements which seemed to stoke the fires of controversy, he was also a self-professed lover of contemporary culture and pop-culture. A good case in point is Warhol’s famous response to â€Å"Gerard Malanga’s â€Å"Andy Warhol on Automation: An Interview,† originally printed in Chelsea magazine in 1968: â€Å"Q. How will you meet the challenge of automation? A. By becoming part of it† (Pratt, 37). In the end, Warhol’s statement about automation is both self-effacing and self-elevating; he is suggesting, in fact, that he not only understands the ways and means of contemporary culture but understands how to submit to it in order to glean artistic and creative insight and power, but he is also admitting to a denial (or subsuming) of the individual into the non-personal culture as a whole. For example, Warhol said he â€Å"thought that â€Å"making money is art and working is art and good business is the best art† and recommended that in love affairs we follow at least one rule: â€Å"I’ll pay you if you pay me. † (null18) Warhol’s comments frequently invited cultural projection; that is, his statements allowed an individual or group of individuals to foist their own beliefs onto his words. This is a similar operative method which propels most of his important creative work as well. Warhol seemingly understood the public persona to be a function of artistic expression– and vice-versa. At play in all of Warhol’s works is â€Å"an interaction between Warhol’s supposed subjectlessness and the suspicion that this is, in fact, an impossibility. The desire to penetrate this impassivity has inflected much of the critical and art historical commentary on Warhol as well, where a dialectic frequently unfolds between the attempt to define the artist’s meaning and the tacit assumption that neither he nor his art will provide the means to do so. † (Joseph) In order to understand Warhol’s work or his life, it is necessary to conceded that they are absolutely inseparable. â€Å"In a large portion of the writing on Warhol, the result is an analysis that cedes to projection, with the overall impression being one of an ineffectual and unenlightening hermeneutic spinning out of control. â€Å"[I]t’s often impossible to distinguish the authentic Warhol from the act,† which, of course, concedes another fact: that Warhol’s expressive and creative techniques alone may fail to rise to the level of enduring and meaningful art sans the impact of his public persona and biographical details. (Joseph) From this perspective, many of Warhol’s attempted works, from his dozens of films, to his thousands of silk-screens and sketches, may be of less intrinsic value than is widely supposed: â€Å"the role of avant-gardes has always been, as John Ashbery maintained in his founding article on Pop, to â€Å"call attention †¦ to the ambiguity of the artistic experience, to the crucial confusion about the nature of art† rather than to express, with finality, assumptions about the form and function of art, per se. (Rifkin 647) Warhol seems forever poised between these two worlds: the world of the pop-artist with its attending celebrity and riches and the world of the avant gard experimentalist with its womb-like world of underground poetry, music, theater and â€Å"fringe† characters of all kinds. Against this central dichotomy, Warhol’s aesthetic emerges like a spiderweb over a canyon and anyone attempting to cross over upon it, including, perhaps, Warhol himself is probably doomed to experience a very long fall. Part of the fall is in the â€Å"challenge still posed by the core of Warhol’s art is that of articulating the means by which meaning is produced in the midst of such impassability. If Warhol’s archive stands as a sort of metonym of its subject, then the profusion and disparity of materials within justly calls to mind one of the most famous maxims from The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (from A to B and Back Again): â€Å"I never fall apart because I never fall together. † (Joseph) A paradigm for Warhol’s unique melding of popular and avant garde techniques is his famous works in portraiture. This genre where he so famously distinguished himself also shows his propensity for making profitable art, and for celebrating the celebrity social worlds he so loved. His reinvention of portraiture, though viewed as astonishingly radical, simply incorporated the most modern of new visual technologies at the time: the photograph, to revitalize what had been a dead genre of patining and visual art. Warhol’s conclusion was that â€Å"the best method of electrifying the old-master portrait tradition with sufficient energy to absorb the real, living world was, now that we see it in retrospect, painfully obvious. The most commonplace source of visual information about our famous contemporaries is, after all, the photographic image, whether it comes from the pages of the Daily News or Vogue. † (Rosenblum 208) However, viewed closely, Warhol’s most famous work: his Marilyn Monroe portrait, reveals itself as much more classically inspired than its radical reputation would suggest : â€Å"No less than the medieval spectator who accepted as fact the handmade images of Christian characters who enacted their dramas within the holy precincts of church walls, we today have all learned to accept as absolute truth these machine-made photographic images of our modern heroes and heroines. When Warhol took a photographic silkscreen of Marilyn Monroe’s head ( fig. 126 ), set it on gold paint, and let it float on high in a timeless, spaceless heaven (as Busby Berkeley had done in 1943 for a similarly decapitated assembly of movie stars in the finale of The Gang’s All Here), he was creating, in effect, a secular saint for the 1960s that might well command as much earthly awe and veneration. (Rosenblum 208) Such interpretations provide a rich glimpse into the ambiguity of expression, the fusion of opposites, which Warhol achieved with brilliancy during his extraordinarily diverse and celebrated career. Warhol presented an enigma, perhaps, but one which stripped of its mystery, still revealed merely a poker-faced perceiver of contemporary America — or not. Just as easily, Warhol could be viewed as a visionary Bohemian, a gay-rights activists and a visionary of underground culture. That he could paint â€Å"simultaneously Warren Beatty and electric chairs, Troy Donahue and race riots, Marilyn Monroe and fatal car crashes, may seem the peculiar product of a perversely cool and passive personality until we realize that this numb, voyeuristic view of contemporary life, in which the grave and the trivial, the fashionable and the horrifying, blandly coexist as passing spectacles, is a deadly accurate mirror of a commonplace experience in modern art and life. † (Rosenblum 210) Works Cited â€Å"Warhol, Andy. † The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. 2004. Joseph, Branden W. â€Å"The Critical Response to Andy Warhol. † Art Journal 57.4 (1998): 105+. Leung, Simon. â€Å"And There I Am: Andy Warhol and the Ethics of Identification. † Art Journal 62. 1 (2003): 4+. Mattick, Paul. Art & Its Time: Theories and Practices of Modern Aesthetics. New York: Routledge, 2003. Pop out: Queer Warhol. Ed. Jennifer Doyle, Jonathan Flatley, and JosE Esteban MuNoz. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996. Pratt, Alan R. The Critical Response to Andy Warhol. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997. Rifkin, Libbie. â€Å"Andy Warhol, Poetry and Gossip in the 1960s. † Criticism 40. 4 (1998): 647. Rosenblum, Robert. Selected Essays Selected Essays. New York: Harry N. Abrams Publishers, 1999.