Effects of Incarceration - 4009 Words

Incarceration can have multiple profound effects on a person. While the goal of incarceration is to rehabilitate the person to follow laws, the result is often isolation and loss of valuable resources that a person needs to maintain a positive role outside the prison system. Many people are affected by the incarceration of a person, from the family, to the community and employers, to society in general. Here is a brief look at some of those affected by a persons incarceration. 1. Children * The worst effects of incarceration can be found in the children of those who are in jail. The children can develop feelings of anger and abandonment. These feelings can be directed to other children, law enforcement or to the other parent.†¦show more content†¦84). Typically, a child faced with the social stigma of paternal incarceration will often also encounter embarrassment and shame, which may in turn further inhibit the ability of the child to adequately adjust to the anxieties resul ting from the separation through incarceration (Hannon et al., 1984; Lowenstein, 1986). The deleterious effects on child behavior, of course, are that prolonged periods of shame and embarrassment may promote depression or behavior typical of withdrawal, such as an unwillingness to engage in social interactions. Unlike other causes for paternal separation, paternal absence due to imprisonment is a multi-dimensional phenomenon, which takes on different meaning depending on the manner in which the particular cause for the incarceration is perceived—either as being â€Å"normatively approved† or as â€Å"bearing a stigma† (Lowenstein, 1984). While there is a correlation between paternal incarceration and subsequent child behavioral, emotional, and psychological problems, these concerns may not necessarily be the sole result of the separation, per se: maladaptive behavior could have existed at the time of incarceration because of faulty parenting structures. Gabel (1992) hasShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Incarceration2966 Words   |  12 PagesRunning Head: EFFECTS OF INCARCERATION ON BLACK FAMILIES The Causes and Effects of Incarceration on Black Families Jasmine Myrick Prof. Marsha Allman The College of New Rochelle Abstract Mass black incarceration has a myriad of effects on the culture and society of black communities across the nation. This paper examines these effects, including the reasons for black male incarceration, the widespread nature of it, the effects it has on black women, children and the community. The researchRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration On The Brain Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pageswithin prisons by an order of magnitude. With this rising statistic, it becomes increasingly urgent to understand the effect of incarceration on our prisoners and whether the reformation process is actually doing more harm than good. Advances in Psychology offer us a greater lens to study the tangible effects of incarceration on the brain and whether there are long-term side effects that could persist well after release. It is crucial to understand these negatives as the repercussions of ignoranceRead MoreEffects of Incarceration on a Marriage500 Words   |  2 PagesThe Effects of Incarceration on a Marriage Since 1970 the rate of incarceration has more than tripled in the United States alone. In may urban cities such as Washington D.C., it has increased five fold. But statistics do not reveal what it is like for the children, wives, and parents of prisoners. It certainly does not show how the increasing numbers of inmates on the inside are having a profound effect on the outside--reaching deep into the family and community life of urban american families.Read MoreEffects Of Mass Incarceration1871 Words   |  8 Pagespopulation with mass incarceration, especially for African American women. African American women are being incarcerated at all time high, and there should be a national outcry for these women. When women are incarcerated, she is labeled and stigmatized by their incarceration. Society views incarcerated women as deviant who has gone against social norms. However, research and data has shown that more men are imprisoned, but women serve longer sentences for the same charge . Incarceration is time for self-learningRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration On Life After Incarceration1301 Words   |  6 PagesAdjusting to life after incarceration can be a very long and difficult process to overcome. There are many obstacles people face when returning home for the first time in years. Most people generally come home to nothing and have to try to make a life out of it. As an ex-con you face stigma, lack of opportunities and the constant risk of recidivism. Recidivism is the ongoing cycle of incarceration. You continue to be in and out of prison because you cannot successfully re-transition into societyRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Incarceration on the Family1190 Words   |  5 Pagesgrandparents, and how it is affected by the incarceration of a family member. Bowen’s family systems theory suggests that whenever one of the parents are experiencing a difficulty, such as incarceration, the other members in the family system will feel the pull of this stressor and will have to adapt to the new circumstance (Bowen, 2013). Each part of this project looks at a different family member in the family system and explores the possible effects of incarceration on their own life and how the systemRead MoreMass Incarceration And Its Effects On Society1492 Words   |  6 Pagessocietal and economic damage caused by America’s now-40-year experiment in locking up vast numbers of its citizens. (The Editorial Board) The standard way of thinking about mass incarceration has it that mass incarceration is putting a stop to crimes. Today it has become common to dismiss the truth about mass incarceration. The Editorial Board of New York Times Magazine acknowledge that America`s imprisonment population has progressed to about 2.2 million (the Editorial Board). The Editorial BoardRead MoreThe Effects Of Substance Use And Incarceration894 Words   |  4 PagesState s long and complex history of substance use and incarceration. Some could make a strong argument that our country s battle against substance use has been a misguided, ill conceived, expensive, and discriminatory attempt which produced inauspicious results. The War on Drugs and Deinstitutionalization are two such attempts. This paper will analyze how these policy blunders have formed a strong association between substance use and incarceration, how current practice and research is attempted toRead MoreThe Effects Of Parental Incarceration On Children Essay2818 Words   |  12 Pagesto the relationship between parent incarceration and adverse outcomes in children are born from the loss of contact. The research explored in this writing illustrates the significant focus on the varying views regarding the impact of maternal and paternal incarceration. Research on the views of children on the issue, long term effects as well as health implications is considered. Views of the Victims The bulk of research on the topic of parental incarceration has the weakness of overlooking theRead MoreThe Effects Of Parental Incarceration On Children3942 Words   |  16 Pages The Effects of Parental Incarceration on their Children Darlene Oliver May 4, 2016 The University of the District of Columbia Introduction The number of children with incarcerated parents continues to increase, thus the long-term ramifications of parental incarceration has become a topic of interest to many concerned people. In addition to understanding the effects of parental incarceration on children, school officials and penal institutions must be involved

Argumentative Essay On Abortion - 1214 Words

Introduction Abortion is a polarizing topic that everyone will have their own opinion on. Abortions have an increasing number of cases all over the world. All of these cases have factors such as social economic issues. As the Merriam-Webster dictionary mentions, the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus: such as a spontaneous expulsion of a human fetus during the first 12 weeks of gestation. Since abortions is much of a controversial topic, there are many sides to it. The two main sides/groups are pro-life and pro-choice. According to the article â€Å"Pro-Life vs. Pro-Choice, a person who is pro-life believes that the government has an obligation to preserve†¦show more content†¦When rape happens, one didn’t intend on having/keeping the kid. So, therefore, abortion must happen. According to a â€Å"national sample of women† it states that there was an estimated of 32,101 pregnancies result from rape each year. 50% of those women underwent abortions. According to the fact sheet that Guttmacher Institute has provided online, it states that in the years of 2010-2014 the abortion number were statistically significant. In most developing countries, there have been 49.3 million abortions. Advantages Of Abortions Aborting an unexpected child gives young women a chance to finish/pursue their education. According to article/blog â€Å"The Drop Out Crisis and Teen Pregnancy† written by Olivia Marshall states that back in 2011 1.3 million high school students who dropped out; 30 percent of girls cite pregnancy or parenthood as a key reason of why they left school. Cause a young woman may not have the resources to still be in school be able to take care of the child. Abortion has also been a help to women with health problems. Women who have diseases such as heart disease, hypertension, and anemia have been able to avoid serious medical complications with abortions. There are many other advantages. Parents used this method to control the family size. Such as being in a family of 6, you feel like having another one is too high so you abort it. Rape victims also use abortions as an advantage. Rape victims wouldn’t want to keep the unborn child becauseShow MoreRelatedAbortion Argumenta tive Essay : Abortion934 Words   |  4 PagesJensen English April 29, 2014 Abortion Argumentative Essay On average about 41.6 million unborn children are aborted every year. Abortion is killing an unborn baby and it should be illegal. Abortion is wrong because it supports irresponsibility by parents. It gives the unborn children no choice or opportunity at life. In addition, instead of abortion, parents could put up the child for adoption, benefiting people that cannot have children of their own. Abortion supports irresponsibility byRead MoreArgumentative Essay: Abortion1075 Words   |  5 PagesIn my argumentative Essay, I am arguing that abortion is wrong and not to be mistaken with Abortion should be made illegal. I will explain later why I have made this statement. Abortion is the termination of an unborn child in its mothers womb for up to twenty four weeks of the pregnancy or in special circumstances e.g. Disability diagnosis a termination right up until the mother goes in to labour. I think the above definition is an easier and less harsh way of saying that abortionRead MoreAbortion - Argumentative Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY ‘ABORTION Our world today is full of unsolved, devisive and controversial issues. Most of them relate to our morals, ethics and religion, thus creating a very strong ‘yes and ‘no, or ‘good and ‘bad side. Like the Chinese Yin and Yang sign, abortion has a very prominent ‘black and ‘white side but also contains traces of each in the alternating colour. This shows that if you were to come to any kind of conclusion on abortion, there would still be a downside toRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion1304 Words   |  6 PagesIn this argumentative essay I would like you, the reader to consider a public issue from my perspective and my belief system on the matter. I’ll be supporting my view on a common and overlooked procedure conducted by women and medical doctors within a walk in clinic and home. This procedure is known as an Abortion, also known as a voluntary abortion. The definition provided by Dictionary.com is  Ã¢â‚¬Å"the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy.† There have been manyRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion1380 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. Abortion is one of the most common medical procedures preformed in the United States each year. More than 40% of all women will end a pregnancy by abortion at some time in their reproductive lives. Abortion, it is simply the one of the most debated issue in our society today. â€Å"Is abortion bad?† â€Å"Is the fetus a baby?† â€Å"Why is it bad to kill a fetus if it’s not living?† The simpleRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion1546 Words   |  7 Pagesmother.† Abortion is the way of ending pregnancy by removing the fetus or embryo before it can survive outside the matrix, which can also allow women to choose whether they want to become a mother or not. However, people have developed the controversy about abortions. Abortion debate is an ongo ing debate which has involved moral, legal, biological and religious status of the induced abortion. In this controversy, there are two groups emerged. The group of people who hold the opinion that abortion shouldRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion1364 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion is known as the termination of human pregnancy. There are mixed opinions from the public on whether abortion is considered murder or not. This topic has always been controversial and there is no sign of it being left alone. There are two groups of people related to abortion. Those are pro-life and pro-choice, pro-life oppose abortion and pro-choice is for abortion. There have been many court cases on the topic of abortion, such as Roe v. Wade, Doe v. Bolton, Baird v. Bellotti, and HarrisRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion1011 Words   |  5 Pages Abortion is the termination of a human pregnancy. â€Å"More than 60% of the world’s population lives in countries where induced abortion is permitted either for a wide range of reasons or without restriction as to the reason. In contrast, 26% of all people reside in countries where abortion is generally prohibited.† as stated by The World’s Abortion Laws Map. Abortion is appalling and should be outlawed. Not only is it the excretion of a fetus, what a baby has developed from, from the uterus by naturalRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion979 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is one of the most well-known and debated topics in today’s society. Although so many people seem to have such a strong opinion on abortion, there are many teens today who don’t really understand what abortion actually is. With today’s technology, though, our understanding of it is also growing. According to Merriam Webster, abortion means the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus. (https://www.merriam-websterRead MoreArgumentative Es say On Abortion964 Words   |  4 PagesTexas Abortion As a sophomore, you are used to getting texts asking about what homework is due tomorrow. I never expected to get a text from my best friend saying she was pregnant and scared because she did not know what to do. I grew up in the catholic faith, and pre marital sex is not accepted, and abortion was blasphemy towards life. But my best friend grew up in a pro choice family, and later told me that she received an abortion. I was confused about her choice and how it was legal for her

It 236 Navigation Checkpoint Free Essays

Check Point: Navigation University of Phoenix/Axia IT 236 January 11, 2010 Benjamin Reine Well the design of my page really is going to be determined on the amount of time I have to complete the assignment/ webpage. I would like it to function like a lot of the website which I go to. I will try to explain the things they do right and the things which are annoying but are set the way they are for security reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on It 236 Navigation Checkpoint or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first website I will describe is the PayPal website. I visit this website a lot (I have been doing a lot of shopping on eBay lately) and have come to love how easy it is to navigate their website.They also seem to have a lot of security built into their website. For instance if a user sits around on one page for too long it will automatically sign them out and they will have to sign back in. I think this is a great security feature, although it can be a little annoying to have to sign back in. This feature is only useful for banks and websites that deal with sensitive information but I feel my website should not feature that but still have some sort of security feature in it. At the current moment I do not know what security features to use with my web page final.Another website I visit a lot and have many features I want to include in my assignment is tiger direct and Newegg. The way the website is setup is awesome and easy to use. Everything is so organized (which is how I want my website to be). They have some flash animations playing showing deals and contests and also have gifs. I included a picture of Newegg’s layout (that is the main page when you first enter the website) and as you see at the top of the website are the categories of everything on the website. As you go over each you section on the top the open to reveal items for that specific section such as computer parts having towers, DVD drives, hard drives, etc. Electronics would have consoles, televisions, mp3 players, etc. This is how I would like my website to function but the way it seems it may not come to be (I do not know how to create a java menu like that) due to time restrictions and self doubt. Maybe I will get over it and try it but maybe not (time constrictions are the getting the best of me). Another feature I would like to include in my webpage’s is the contact me section at the bottom of a lot of websites.This is important because this would be how users and patrons get in contact with you if problems persist or they want to give suggestions on how to make the website much better. It would include an email or two and maybe a telephone number to get in contact with. Another feature that I saw that really interested me was the way that tiger direct and Newegg’s websites both try to incorporate thee users into contests so they may come back to the website to purchase more items (it is kind of like a advertisement per say) and garner more revenue.This would be a great feature to add to a lot of websites (many of which need this kind of thing but never incorporate it). I would add such a thing but since the website is an assignment I will not add it. The last thing that catches my attention on these two websites is the way they use their fonts and wording. I like the way they are setup and how they flow with the page and are not all over the place. I think the website users times new roman as its main font but I may be wrong.I will be using times new roman and probably comic sans for my final. I think it would fit with the type of website that I am trying to do here. I just need to figure out how to incorporate webpage’s to pop up when they are chosen (like going and clicking on forum and it should take you to forum; I do not know how to do that yet). Hopefully by the time week 9 is around to me I can figure it out if not I will instant message my teacher in order to receive some help. How to cite It 236 Navigation Checkpoint, Papers

Gender Equality In Sports Essay Example For Students

Gender Equality In Sports Essay How is it fair that a mens college basketball team is able to be transported on planes and dine on steak, while a womens team from the same college, travels in a van and eats fast food? Its not, but this occurs often nowadays even with laws passed preventing this type of discrimination. In 1972, Congress passed Title IX, which prohibits discrimination against girls and women in federally funded education, including athletic programs (Kiernan 3). Many schools and colleges have not been able to comply with the Title IX standards mostly because of money. Some of the problems in high schools and colleges consist of insufficient scholarships for girls, not enough coaching jobs, a lack of equipment, and a limited amount of supplies. Not only does this inequality in athletic programs exist in both schools and colleges, but it is also prominent in many professional sports. After more than 25 years since the beginning of Title IX, there still is no gender equality among men and women in high school, college, and professional sports. Passed in 1972 by United States President Richard Nixon, Title IX was supposed to give women equality in sports, yet in the year 2001 there is still little difference in the way women are treated in sports. No legislative act has had a more powerful impact on the world of sports other than Title IX. Before Title IX was passed, only 31,000 women participated in sports, but in 1997, 120,000 women were active in sports around the country (Wulf 1). Title IX is now synonymous with women trying to find equity in athletics, but it originally had nothing to do with sports. It was a part of a larger legislative act passed to avoid any type of discrimination in the school system (Kiernan 1). Since 1972, the original purpose of Title IX has been clouded by media battles and a whirlwind of misinformation. Until the law required compliance, many schools did not take Title IX to be a serious legislative act. Compliance was not required until 1978, thats six years after the law was first instilled into the American culture. The department that leads the battle for compliance was called the Department of Educations Office of Civil Rights, or often called OCR for short (Wine 1). All institutions receiving federal funding must comply with at least one of three specific criteria. One of them that they could choose is identified as proportional representation. Another is that the school shows a continual progress towards gender equality. The third one that a school could prefer to follow is accommodation of interests (Almond 5). Even though institutions are required by law to meet one of those terms, a school rarely complies sufficiently with Title IX. In fact, at a few schools certain opportunities have diminished for women. Since Title IX was passed, womens teams, at some schools, have shrunk due to death of field hockey in 1991 (Pinney 2). Although it is not required for schools to comply, funding for womens teams have not been equal either. Money is usually a problem with many things in life, one of them also happens to be gender equality. Colleges and universities spend an average of $1.6 million on the mens athletics program. Yet, the womens athletic teams receive nearly half that amount (Almond 2). Women should not be receiving half the amount that a mens team gets just because their sports are less popular than mens. A schools main objective may be to promote the mens team first, to get out of a deficit. Then they may be able to finance the womens team with the money they make from the mens sporting events. That is not an equal or fair solution. It would take years to pay off a deficit and then sufficiently finance the female athletic programs. Numerical equality would take a vast quantity of public tax money in addition to the financial assistance that now pays for most of womens sports. Universities increased its support of womens athletics over the years but a ccording to Ellen Voelz, a womens head coach at the University of Minnesota, thats not enough. The excessive spending in the mens athletics must be addressed (Pinney 5). If the excessive spending for the mens teams is not being addressed, the least a school could do is offer the women more programs. The opportunities for women in colleges have increased somewhat over the past 25 or 30 years. In 1977, women were offered an average of 5.6 sports teams per college. In the year 1996 women had an opportunity to participate in an average of 7.5 teams (Wulf 1). Women now are able to look for a professional career in some of those sports. Although, two sports is not much to look forward to when there are at least a hundred female sports. Basketball and soccer are the only two womens widely known professional sports. The WNBA and the Womens World Cup winning Soccer Team are the only two current professional sports. Women who seem to earn less respect than the players, are the coaches of the female teams. A coach for an average college womens team earns, on average, about $32, 736 per season. Once again, the mens teams get twice as much as the womens team does. A coach of a mens team earns about $66, 953 (Almond 2). How is that fair? Any coach, who takes time out of his or her life to assist and teach a young group of kids, deserves respect. It doesnt matter if their team makes more money than another. A college or high school should have teams and coaches that are compensated equally. Due to the poor pay that comes with the coaching of a womens team, coaching for girls is down. In just two years, the number of coaches went from 49.4% to 47.7% (Wulf 2). Within the next 25 years, at this rate, coaches of womens teams will be nearly gone. Even if the opportunity is there, no one will want to take it. Another thing a true coach does not like to see is their team being treated disproportionate to others. When it comes to scholarship money and scholarship opportunity, women are not given a fair chance to live their dreams. Young girls dream of, one day, being able to play the sport they adore for the rest of their life. For many adolescent girls this dream many not seem at all possible, perhaps because of their own financial status at home. Scholarships are supposed to provide financial assistance to those who need and deserve to have a superb education. Scholarships could also be used to reward students for their outstanding achievement in the field of sports. Women received $142,622,803 less scholarship support than their male counterparts during the 1995-1996 scholastic year (Wine 2). Women are merely 30% of scholarship money; that leaves 70% of the scholarship money for the men to spend. The 70% of leftover scholarship money certainly does not go to the womens equipment and supplies. Determining the compliance for the provision of equipment and supplies involves evaluating six separate things. Quality, suitability, quantity, availability, maintenan ce, and replacement must all be taken into accord when following a compliance policy (Compliance II-7). Full compliance, in this area, should be considered complete when around the same percentages of male and female athletes are provided the same equipment of the same quality and quantity. Most colleges seem to comply with this section of compliance, but high schools do not sufficiently meet these standards. A high school softball team receives the boys old equipment that has been in circulation since the 1980s. The equipment is falling apart, held together by various objects, such as string and shoelaces. How is that considered being in compliance with the federal regulations? It is impossible for the females to compete and play at their full potential with the mens older jerseys and equipment. For the new professional sports, such as the WNBA, they are encountering the same discriminations and problems. Heading into its fifth season the WNBA has rising stars and loyal fans but lo w ratings, poor attendance and no salary equity has led to an expected downfall. No other womens league with teams nationwide has ever made it to its fifth year (Anderson 68). Although most of the fans are female, they are more dedicated and loyal to the teams; even in wins and losses. The dedication of a small group of people does not make TV ratings and help pull in sponsors. With a ticket costing only $15.50 to attend a WNBA game, compared to $51.50 for the NBA, there is barely a chance of promotional success for sponsors (Anderson 68). Although the WNBA players arent looking for big cash like the NBA, they are still looking for a little respect. The WNBA is a single entity league; a league that pays and controls salaries, no free agencies, and absolutely no negotiations (Anderson 70). The entire WNBA league has a $12 million payroll, which is not the problem; the problem lies in how it is distributed (Anderson 70). There is no doubt that they are playing for love of the game. Th ey enjoy the fact that they are doing what they love all year round, and then being paid for it. All they are seeking is a little respect from people who dont think they can make it. In years to come, they will prove just how amazing they are. Once advertising companies find out how amazing these athletes really are, all they are after is turning them into a sex object. It is not often that you see men being flaunted off by certain ad companies such as Nike and Reebok. Men are generally praised for talent not for their body and beauty. The 2000 Olympics in Sydney, Australia was an advertising frenzy for many companies. The world knows Marion Jones strive for five gold medals, yet some only remember her for her revealing Nike ads. She may be a beautiful woman, but she also has an incredible talent. During the 1998 Womens World Cup Championship, Brandi Chastain scored a game-winning goal. After she scored, she threw off her shirt in excitement. The picture of Chastain on her knees, sc reaming and with no shirt on remains in everyones mind. People dont remember her for her performance that hot summer day, they remember her removing her shirt. Why wouldnt a company show an ad that flaunts her talent instead of her body? Its just not the way the world sees women in sports. Men are not viewed like that; it is another one of the many problems in sports today. Many pessimists view the world of sports as a mans domain, not to be intruded by women. What about the young girls who have nothing else to find hope in? Women are in sports and they are going to remain there until they have reached equality and beyond. Still, no gender equality exists among men and women in sports even after 25 years since Title IX was put into the American culture. Women in athletics are not treated at all equal to the male athletes. They are not paid the same, given the same equipment, and everything in between. The womens teams receive half the amount of funding that mens teams do. Coaches of the female teams are also paid half as much. Title IX was put into place to prevent discrimination, but schools are rarely complying with all the suitable standards. Women are also viewed very differently in sports. They are only advertised as sexual objects, not at all for their talent. Many women are fighting back and getting the respect and representation that they deserve. They have been fighting in court, using Title IX as their defense, and many judges are granting women what they want. Those disappointed in the Supreme Courts unspoken approval of Title IX wont like this further prediction from a female head lacrosse coach, You aint seen nothin yet!(Pinney 1). Work Cited Almond, Elliot. Title IX 25 Years Later, Women Athletes still a Step Behind. The Seattle Times. (22 June 1997): 5 pp. On-Line. Internet. 3 May 2001. Available: ;a href=http://www None_Provided EssayKiernan, Denise. The Little Law that Could. Feb/Mar 2001: 6 pag. On-Line. Internet. 5 May 2001. Available: ;a hr ef=Http://www.umi.com/proquest;Http://www.umi.com/proquestPinney, Gregor W. Equality for Female Athletes Lags. Star Tribune. (8 Apr 1992): 6pp. On-Line. Internet. 3 May 2001. Available: ;a href=Http://www.umi.com/proquest;Http://www.umi.com/proquestWine, Elizabeth. Title IX effort no 10. Birmingham Post-Herald. (19 June 1997) 3pp. On-line. Internet. 3 May 2001. Available: ;a href=Http://www.umi.com/proquest;Http://www.umi.com/proquestWulf, Steve. A Level Playing Field for Women. Time. (1997): 3pp. On-Line. Internet. 3 May 2001. Available: ;a href=http://www.provlib.org/elibrary/frames.htm;http://www.provlib.org/elibrary/frames.htm